Thirty years on, arms control has left the agenda
These days, it is hard to find much that’s stable in contemporary “strategic stability,” the polite phrase describing the balance of nuclear terror. Thirty years after the end of the Cold War, global efforts must resume to prevent the proliferation of weapons that can never be “uninvented.”
Just a one-time “tactical” use of a nuclear weapon would completely transform the world.
Yet new technologies and deteriorating relations with China and Russia are now raising the risks. Technical upgrading of nuclear weapons continues to ensure the weapons’ reliability; while this cannot be avoided, hugely destabilizing changes to the weapons’ delivery systems can and must be slowed.
Recent reports describe Chinese orbital vehicles circling the globe, while Russia has just tested an anti-satellite weapon putting dangerous space trash into low earth orbit. The U.S. now strives to regain the hypersonic advantage.
Thirty years ago, in 1991, a newly-independent Kazakhstan shuttered a 18,500-square-kilometer Soviet test site at Semipalatinsk which, since 1949, had conducted 1,100 nuclear tests — the equivalent of 2,400 Hiroshima-sized bombs.
Since then, and with U.S. help, Kazakhstan has remained focused on non-proliferation. Former president Nursultan Nazarbayev had defied Moscow’s wishes in 1991; five years later his country completely relinquished what had been the world’s fourth-largest nuclear arsenal. Accession to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) has kept it on this path ever since, managing its two contiguous nuclear-armed neighbors, China and Russia, while staying on good terms with the U.S.
Consistent with this thrust, Kazakhstan recently launched the Global Alliance of Leaders for Nuclear-Free World, to rekindle the non-proliferation dialogue. A low-enriched uranium bank has been set up in Kazakhstan under the aegis of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This “LEU bank” has stockpiled 90 metric tons of low enriched uranium hexafluoride, a fuel for the most common light water reactor in use today.
Unlike the Trump era, the Biden administration wants strategic dialogue with China and Russia, especially as today’s competitive great power environment poses an inherent risk of conflict. The new delivery systems pose the most immediate risks; hypersonic vehicles can now glide to targets undetected by a free-fall trajectory. This opens the specter of a firststrike capability, the stuff of nuclear nightmares.
Prioritizing arms control should not be a hard sell, but today’s security agenda includes many threats — global pandemics, global warming, global migratory pressures, cyber security sabotage, and, not least, a rise in authoritarian leadership.
Severally or collectively, none of these challenges equates to nuclear catastrophe. Avoiding nuclear war still comes first. The Kazakhs focus on “old-fashioned arms control,” curbing production and dispersal of nuclear weapons materiel, and slowing the build-up of nuclear arsenals now underway in North Korea, South Asia, and China.
Three decades have passed since Kazakhstan’s bold move. Memories fade. The Trump administration’s flippant attitude to arms control elicited matching disdain from Russia and indifference from China. Yet new trends in weapons miniaturization and in weapons delivery systems worry the national security establishments of nuclear powers.
When the cold war ended, bipartisan congressional leadership helped fund denuclearization programs in Kazakhstan and other former Soviet republics. This year, Kazakhstan’s National Nuclear Center signaled continuing support for strong “foreign partnerships” (meaning primarily the U.S.). In August, President Joe Biden sent a letter to Kazakhstan President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, applauding the 30th anniversary of Kazakh independence and the closing of Semipalatinsk.