After pandemic, world economy faces a debt doom loop and greater inequity
The world economy will be exiting the pandemic weighed down by much bigger debts and increased inequality that could hobble growth in the longer term.
That was one of the memes making the rounds at the annual meeting of the American Economic Association last week.
While global growth is widely expected to strengthen as more people are vaccinated, top economists at the virtual threeday conference focused on the glaring inequities that the pandemic had exposed and the fallout from the efforts to cope with and combat the coronavirus pandemic.
“We have met every crisis in the recent past with yet more aggressive central bank accommodation and yet more leverage, both public as well as private,” said former Reserve Bank of India governor Raghuram Rajan. “The real question is: Is this a doom loop? Does it keep going until it is forced to stop?”
Global debt rose by more than $15 trillion last year to a record $277 trillion, equivalent to 365% of world output, according to the Institute of International Finance. Debt from all sectors — ranging from household to government to corporate bonds — surged, based on data from the Washington-based IIF, which is constituted of the world’s leading financial institutions.
Inequality has also increased as the pandemic has hit the poor particularly hard. In the U.S., Black and Hispanic people have suffered proportionately more fatalities than white people, while low-wage workers in such industries as leisure and hospitality have borne the brunt of the layoffs as those better off continue to work from home.
“The pandemic has exposed the depth of inequality and in many ways has exacerbated those inequalities,” said Joseph Stiglitz, a Nobel Prize-winningeconomist.
While rich countries such as the United States
have cushioned the blow to their citizens with large amounts of government aid, poorer nations have been unable to do that. Mr. Stiglitz, a Columbia University professor, said the world’s 46 least developed nations accounted for 0.002% of the $12.7 trillion in public stimulus spending laid out in the fight against the virus.
“In many ways we could see after this pandemic an unwinding of decades of progress toward reducing global inequality,” certainly for the poorest nations, said Harvard University professor and former International Monetary Fund chief economistKenneth Rogoff.
Not everything coming out of the pandemic will be bad news, of course. The speed at which vaccines were developed and the rapidgrowth of telemedicine are developments worth celebrating.
Economist Nicholas Bloom of Stanford University has also pointed to the potential productivity gains that can be reaped from more time spent working at home — a trend he expects to persist after the pandemic. Mr. Rajan, now a professor at the University of Chicago, said lagging rural America could also
benefit as the well-off decamp from cramped cities for bigger homes elsewhere.
Pre-pandemic inequality
Even before the pandemic, the U.S., China and many other countries were experiencing rising inequality and increasing debt. As the coronavirus crisis eases, those two tendencies could combine to present problems for the global economy.
The pandemic has “exacerbated inequality markedly, which also raises the issue of financial fragility,” said World Bank chief economist Carmen Reinhart.
Many lower-income U.S. households, for example, hold a lot of debt and could find themselves squeezed as temporary moratoriums on mortgage and rent payments end, she said.
Mr. Rajan said small businesses could also suffer after many were kept afloat in the U.S. by the Paycheck Protection Program and other government measures. “There is a large wave of potential bankruptcies,” he said.
Looming debt
The problem is even more acute for some
emerging market economies and poorer nations. Indeed, Mr. Stiglitz sees the “risk of a debt crisis with global consequences.”
“Many countries were overindebted before the pandemic and the marked declines in their incomes mean they’re going to have difficulties servicing the debt,” he said.
The U. S. and other wealthier nations will not be immune to having to take action to rein in surging government debt once the coronavirus crisis has passed, according to former White House chief economist Christina Romer.
The U.S. budget deficit will hit $2.3 trillion in the fiscal year ending Sept. 30 — equivalent to more than 10% of gross domestic product — following a $3.1 trillion shortfall in fiscal 2020, according to the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget.
“When we are through the pandemic we are going to need to get our fiscal houses in order,” said Ms. Romer, who is now at the University of California at Berkeley. “We’re going to need to get our debt loads down mainly so we’ll be in a position to deal with the next crisis, pandemic or whatever when it comes.”