... gassy cows, leaking wells and measuring methane
UN climate report fosters attention
Lastweek, a landmark climate report from the United Nations gave the sobering consensus of decades of international climate change research: “It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land,” causing “widespread and rapid changes” in the air, seas, once-frozen places and plant and animal life that have touched every region on Earth.
Worse changes could be limited by deep, swift and lasting reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, but it could take 20 or 30 years for global temperatures to stabilize after that, the report said. Some changes to the oceans, icesheets and sea level will be irreversible for hundreds or thousandsof years.
One new focus of the report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is potent greenhouses gases that last decades or less in the atmosphere — especially methane — because cutting those is a leading strategy for slowing warming relatively quickly. Amy TownsendSmall, an associate professor of environmental science the University of Cincinnati, has been studying the second-most abundant greenhouse gas emitted through human activities forover a decade.
Thisinterview has been edited for space and clarity.
Q. The new Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment is clear carbon dioxide is the primary driver of human-caused climate change and curbing carbon dioxide will be the primary solution. But it also says “strong, rapid and sustained reductions” in methane emissions are important. Why is that?
A. Methane has a high global warming potential, which means it’s better at trapping heat than CO2. It’s not as abundant in the atmosphere as CO2, and emissions are much lower than CO2,so that’s why CO2 is the biggest problem. Burning fossil fuels emits CO2, and burning fossil fuels is by far the biggest problem. But CO2 emissions have been steady for the last few decades, and CO2 concentrations are growing at a very predictable rate. Methane
concentrations have been going up faster and faster lately, and because methane has a higher global warming potential, it’s causing rapid climate warming. What’s happening now is the scary stuff, like rapidly increased sea level rise, an increased amount of fires, increased hurricane intensity, destabilization of ice.
Why did you decide to focus on methane?
I first started working on it about 15 years ago. I had a job in California, and the governor at the time, Arnold Schwarzenegger, passed a law limiting greenhouse gas emissions, including methane and another powerful greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide. But at the time, the state didn’t really know what the sources were, and I worked on constraining the sources of methane and nitrous oxide in the state. I was the first researcher to find methane emissions from oil and gas systems were higher than what the state budget thought. That was just as Pennsylvaniawas becoming one of the largest natural gas fields in the world, and that created this new international research area on methane leaks from natural gassystems.
What kind of changes would make the “strong, rapid and sustained reductions” in methane emissions we need?
Limiting additional development of natural gas and creating policies around methane emissions from natural gas systems, especially production; reducing meat and dairy consumption; regulations on methane emissions from landfills — they can leak methane just like oil wells, but they’re
also a potential renewable naturalgas source.
Another thing I think is really needed is more research funding for methane. Our government doesn’t really fund it. A lot of the research in my group has been funded sort of patchwork. There still isn’t a lot of scientific agreement on why methane concentrations are rising. No one’s really sure, and there are tools that we could use to study it. There could be an international scientific effort to figure it out, which would make solvingthe problem easier.
What are some of the odder places you have gone or methods you have used to measure methane?
A lot of cows, putting tubing into a cow’s mouth. Luckily, most of the methane comes out of their mouths. They’re cuter that way. A lot of abandoned wells and active wells in Appalachia, Texas, Colorado, all over the U.S.; a lot of offthe-grid navigating with the GPS; trying to get downwind of a landfill so I can sample it. We use these stainless steel canisters to measure methane. In cities, they attract a lot of attention. They’re round, and they have a little stem on the top. They kind of look like a bomb. People will pull over and be like, ‘Um, what are you doing?’ ‘Oh, just a project.’ Usually, the conversationsgo pretty well.
If you see something, say something.
Exactly. Wastewater treatment plants are another source. Those are pretty gross. Methane’s pretty disgusting.
You’ve also worked on some of the feedback
loops that could happen where methane is emitted as the climate warms. Has that taken you to other far-flung places?
Yes, the Arctic, Alaska. That’s another issue. Natural sources of methane that are emitted as the earth gets hotter and wetter are potentially increasing a lot, as well, either from permafrost soils or wetlands in the tropics, like the Amazon, or lakes and reservoirs. So my students and I have done measurements on lakes and theGreat Lakes, too.
One reason for focusing on methane seems to be to point out there can be a pretty significant shortterm, noticeable payoff to making some societal change.
That’s what we’ve been saying.
I will say, though, plugging abandoned wells is not going to do it. They’re a very minor contributor to methane emissions. Active wells are the main source of energy-related methane emissions.
In Pennsylvania and Ohio, low-producing wells are venting natural gas, some of them. They’re a big potential source. [Governments] could go a long way by creating a plugging program for marginal or low producing wells.
Are you gratified to see this attention paid to what has long been known as the second-biggest contributor but has become a larger part of the conversation recently?
Yeah. I hope policies will follow.