On this date

1804 — Lt. Stephen Decatur led a successful raid into Tripoli Harbor to burn the U.S. Navy frigate Philadelphia, which had fallen into the hands of pirates during the First Barbary War. 1862 — The Civil War Battle of Fort Donelson in Tennessee ended as some 12,000 Confederate soldiers surrendered; Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s victory earned him the moniker “Unconditional Surrender Grant.” 1868 — The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks was organized in New York City. 1918 — Lithuania proclaimed its independence from the Russian Empire. (Lithuania, which was occupied by the Soviet Union, then Nazi Germany, then the Soviet Union again during World War II, renewed its independence in 1990.) 1923 — The burial chamber of King Tutankhamen’s recently unearthed tomb was unsealed. 1937 — Du Pont research chemist Dr. Wallace H. Carothers, inventor of nylon, received a patent for the synthetic fiber, described as “linear condensation polymers.” 1945 — U.S. troops landed on the island of Corregidor in the Philippines during World War II. 1959 — Fidel Castro became premier of Cuba a month and a-half after the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista. 1961 — The United States launched the Explorer 9 satellite. 1977 — Janani Luwum, the Anglican archbishop of Uganda, died in what Ugandan authorities said was an automobile accident, although it’s generally believed that he was shot to death by agents of Idi Amin. 1988 — Seven people were shot to death during an office rampage in Sunnyvale, California, by a man obsessed with a co-worker who was wounded in the attack. (The gunman is on death row.) 1998 — A China Airlines Airbus A300 trying to land in fog near Taipei, Taiwan, crashed, killing all 196 people on board, plus seven on the ground. Thought for today

‘There are two ways to slice easily through life; to believe everything or to doubt everything. Both ways save us from thinking.’

Alfred Korzybski