MONARCH’S REIGN AT RISK
Beloved butterflies dwindle dangerously amid habitat loss, lethal chemicals and misguided good intentions
The beloved butterflies dwindle amid habitat loss, lethal chemicals and misguided good intentions.
This is not a drill. California is poised to lose the Western monarch butterfly and its mysterious annual migration from the continent’s Western regions to the coastal areas between Baja and Mendocino. ■ The list for blame is long — habitat destruction, insecticides, herbicides and, yes, good intentions, because if you’ve ever planted a showy orange and red milkweed in Southern California with the goal of helping the monarch, consider yourself part of the problem. ■ So why should we care? First off, caterpillars are a critical food source for most songbirds, which rely heavily on the insects to feed their young. Second, butterflies, like bees, are important pollinators. Adult monarchs sip nectar from many blossoms, and as they flit among flowers, they are also spreading pollen, helping the plants
produce seeds, which also feed birds and other wildlife and, of course, help the plant reproduce.
And third, butterflies are just plain beautiful, especially the monarch with its orange wings rimmed in black with white dots. Can our world really afford to lose something so miraculous?
Fortunately, there are things SoCal gardeners and plant parents can do to help monarchs survive, such as eliminating any use of pesticides or herbicides on their property — but first, a little background:
Eastern monarch butterflies are well known for their famous migration from the Eastern and Central regions of the United States to Mexico each winter, where they congregate by the thousands to mate and stay warm. Their numbers have dropped significantly, from 384 million in 1996 to 60 million in 2019.
But their cousins, the Western monarchs, have seen a more terrible decline.
Western monarch numbers have been steadily dropping for decades, from 1.2 million in 1997 to 30,000 in 2019, but the most recent results from the 24th Western Monarch Thanksgiving Count are staggering — just 1,914 butterflies total, down from the millions that used to migrate from the Pacific Northwest and Central California to overwinter along the coast from Mendocino in Northern California to Ensenada in Baja California.
One of the most disturbing finds from last fall came after wildfire ripped through the area around Pacific Grove, aka Butterfly Town, USA, in the midst of traditional migration season. During the Thanksgiving count, not a single monarch was found in Pacific Grove, a tourist mecca for people who come to marvel at the swarms of Western monarchs that congregate during the winter, clinging to eucalyptus and pine branches to find protection from the cold and wind.
Monarch numbers have been dwindling for decades in Pacific Grove, said Caleb Schneider, the city’s environmental programs manager and manager of the Pacific Grove Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary, and he believes the ill-timed fires contributed to last year’s decline.
“In 1997 there were 45,000 butterflies at our sanctuary, and now there’s zero,” Schneider said. “I’ve been here six years, and I never got a chance to see what butterfly clustering in Pacific Grove really looked like — where historically the branches were getting ripped off the trees because there were so many butterflies. I’m watching the extinction of a natural phenomenon.”
The U.S Fish and Wildlife Service announced in December that while the monarch butterfly meets the criteria to be listed as an endangered species, it isn’t being added to the list because the agency must first complete plans to save 161 other endangered species. Basically, the agency is required to address those other species first, and it doesn’t have resources to do more.
The agency will review the monarch’s status each year “until it is no longer a candidate,” the announcement said. “Our conservation goal is to improve monarch populations, and we encourage everyone to join the effort.”
Bottom line: Right now, folks, it’s up to us.
Good news: There are
things we can do as individuals, from creating habitats in our yards and windowsills to lobbying our leaders.
Frustrating news: You may need to rip out the milkweed plants you thought were helping. Here’s why: Monarch caterpillars eat only one plant — milkweed — and many Californians have planted the showy tropical milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) to help. Indeed, most SoCal nurseries offer only tropical milkweed, a handsome nonnative plant with feathery purplish-green leaves and deep orange and red flowers.
But well-meaning gardeners who plant this kind of milkweed are actually harming, not helping.
The problem is that tropical milkweed doesn’t die back during the winter in temperate climates like Southern California’s, according to the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. That permits protozoa parasites (Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, or OE) to multiply on the plants, which are eaten by the caterpillars when they hatch.
When the caterpillars consume too many OE parasites, scientists believe it sickens and weakens adult monarchs, messing up their migration patterns, mating success, flight ability and lifespan. And having milkweed that blooms through the winter also disrupts the butterfly’s migration patterns, experts say.
In other words, those evergreen tropical milkweeds do more harm than good in Southern California, says Ron Vanderhoff, general manager of Roger’s Gardens nursery in Corona del Mar. That’s why the nursery stopped selling tropical milkweed a couple of years ago.
Vanderhoff said he understands how hard it is to pull out established plants that seem to be helping butterflies. “Monarchs are a very emotional topic with many people, and there is a large and vocal audience of folks who think they are doing the right thing,” he wrote in an email.
If you can’t bear to pull out your tropical milkweed, cut it down to the ground around Thanksgiving and keep it trimmed low until April to kill any overwintering parasites, said Travis Longcore, urban ecologist and science director for the Urban Wildlands Group.
Individual efforts can make a difference, according to Sarah Maisonneuve, executive director of Earth Discovery Institute, a conservation and environmental education nonprofit in El Cajon.
“People in Southern California are passionate about protecting monarch butterflies,” Maisonneuve said. “The beautiful thing about that is, home gardeners really do play a critical role in their survival.”
Here are six things individuals
can do to help monarchs survive and thrive. For more information, check out the Xerces Society’s guide “Western Monarchs Are in Trouble. This Is How You Can Help.”
To see, visit xerces.org/ publications/fact-sheets/ how-you-can-help-westernmonarchs.
1
GROW NATIVE MILKWEED. Check with garden centers, especially native plant nurseries, to see when their native milkweed goes on sale — generally in April. Check the Western Monarch Milkweed Mapper at monarchmilkweedmapper.org and plant varieties native to your area. You don’t need a yard: You can do this in pots on a balcony, windowsill or front porch. The most prominent native varieties sold in Southern California include narrow-leaf milkweed (Asclepias fascicularis), with clusters of tiny pink flowers; California milkweed (Asclepias californica), with purplish flower clusters; and woollypod milkweed (Asclepias eriocarpa), with hairy pinkish or ivory buds. You can also purchase seed and sow in a prepared garden bed or container in late winter or very early spring, especially before a rain, since milkweed germinates poorly when it’s hot. Sowing tip: Mix these small seeds with sand to make them easier to disperse.
Planting the proper milkweed species is crucial, but native species are in short supply in San Diego County, Maisonneuve added — not only for home gardeners, but for conservation practitioners working to restore native landscapes.
In response, the institute teamed up with the U.S. Fish
& Wildlife Service, Resource Conservation District of San Diego, and Endangered Habitats Conservancy to develop a seed bank of native milkweed in San Diego County. In 2020, the group successfully grew native narrowleaf milkweed from seed at its milkweed farm in East County.
“In 2021, we are tripling the size of our milkweed farm and, in addition to growing narrowleaf milkweed, we are now growing native woollypod milkweed as well,” Maisonneuve said. “We are already making plants available for restoration projects across the county, and to home gardeners during our annual plant sale in the fall.”
2 MAKE SURE IT’S ORGANIC.
Anyone who’s grown milkweed knows the plants are a magnet for bright orange aphids, so much so that some wholesale growers use systemic pesticides to produce lovely bug-free plants, said Vanderhoff. The problem is that homeowners take their plants home, unaware they’re laced with pesticides that will be toxic to any caterpillars that eat them. “There is no way to look at a plant in a nursery and tell if it’s been treated or not,” he said, so seek out organically grown plants. (P.S. The aphids may look unsightly, but they won’t really hurt the plant or the caterpillars, experts say. If they bother you, wash them off with a strong stream of water or — deep breath — smoosh them with gloved fingers.)
3
If enough people start asking for
LOBBY YOUR GARDEN CENTER.
native milkweed and stop buying the tropical variety, nurseries will respond. Just remember you can’t buy native milkweed in the winter because it’s dormant, so ask for seed, too.
4 PLANT LOTS OF NECTAR FLOWERS.
Unlike the one-plant caterpillar, adult monarchs happily sip the nectar from many flowers. The Xerces Society has created a list of monarch nectar plants for Southern California that includes drought-tolerant natives attractive to many butterflies, such as black sage, bluedicks, sunflowers, seaside fleabane and the dainty fairy-cap flowers of manzanita. Another good choice: native buckwheats, whose flowers support a number of pollinators. And again, you don’t need a yard to do this. A window box of lovely blooms can do the trick.
For the list of plants, visit xerces.org/publications/ plant-lists/monarch-nectarplants-california.
5
DON’T TRY TO “RESCUE” MONARCHS. Scientists are still trying to understand how monarchs know when and where to migrate each year, but they have found that butterflies raised indoors seem to lose their innate navigation system and can’t migrate properly, said Longcore. So if you raise monarchs, put the enclosure outdoors. The same applies to moving monarchs from one location to another in the hopes of helping their survival, Schneider said. “We’ve had people literally pick up monarchs in the Bay Area and drive them down to our sanctuary [in Pacific
Grove] to release them, but by manually migrating them you might be doing more harm than good,” he said, by introducing diseases to the wild population and further disorienting the butterflies.
6 DON’T USE PESTICIDES OR HERBICIDES.
Milkweed used to grow wild in agricultural areas or alongside roads, but the use of herbicides to kill weeds has destroyed much of the monarch’s food source, said Longcore. The advent of genetically modified crops that can withstand herbicides has made it easier for farmers to get rid of weeds, but it’s also wiped out beneficial “weeds” that support pollinators such as butterflies and bees. Longcore said insecticides such as neonicotinoids — designed to kill sap-sucking insects such as aphids — appear harmful to butterflies and other pollinators, since the toxic residue accumulates in the pollen and nectar of treated plants. The best action, he said, is to avoid using these chemicals in our yards and to lobby our representatives and government agencies to phase out their use because they are devastating the beneficial insects that pollinate our food.
“We’re poisoning our insects away, but the system doesn’t work without them,” Schneider said. “Unless you want to teach hundreds of thousands of kindergartners to go around with paintbrushes and sample pollen from one flower to another, it’s not going to work.”
Union-Tribune staff contributed to this story.