Dealing with a confident China
Ever since China’s economic reforms began in 1978, the goal of U.S. foreign policy has been to “manage” China’s rise so that it might become a worthy member of the community of nations dominated by the U.S. and its allies. Republic and Democratic administrations alike have sent Beijing essentially the same message: The U.S. supports a “peaceful, stable, and prosperous” China that will play by the rules internationally while reforming internally so as to become less autocratic if not democratic.
What foreign leaders failed to perceive was that China’s rise was not going to embrace liberalizing political changes — that China would instead seek to become a major economic player while sustaining the partystate system and preventing the equivalent of an Arab Spring. China’s growing wealth, founded on a distinctive “market socialism,” also would present a new model for developing countries to follow, an alternative to the Washington Consensus and its insistence on “structural adjustment.” The notion that prevailed in the U.S., for example in 2005, that China could be a “responsible stakeholder” in international affairs, meaning it would support U.S. policy priorities, simply did not wash in Beijing.
Trump and China
That is China’s world that President Donald Trump stumbled into. He was far from ready to “manage” China’s emergence. Far from it, he had no idea about China, his only experience having been as landlord of a Chinese bank with an office in Trump Tower. Inexperience and an emerging “America first” mentality led Trump to cast China as a villain as far back as 2011, when he told CNN that China was an “enemy” and needed to be punished for its unfair trade practices. He also held China responsible for a climate change “hoax,” lost U.S. jobs and currency manipulation. Shift to the present, and we can see that Trump’s approach to China hasn’t changed: China remains the villain, preventing North Korea’s denuclearization, stealing U.S. intellectual property, building up its military and still refusing to level the playing field on trade. His national security and intelligence community might be focused on Russia, but Trump is riveted on China, notwithstanding his supposed friendship with Xi Jinping.
Thus we have the National Security Council, in its 2017 strategy paper, casting both China and Russia as the leading threats to the U.S. What that assessment is doing is giving Beijing and Moscow incentives to tighten their relationship. Militarily, Russian sales of sophisticated arms are increasing, as are large-scale joint exercises. Economically, their trade has greatly expanded. Clearly, they are sending Trump a message, even though Sino-Russian cooperation is well short of an alliance.
Meanwhile, the U.S.-China trade war seems to be providing China with another gift: new diplomatic successes. China’s relationship with Japan has suddenly warmed; Prime Minister Abe Shinzo will be visiting Beijing in October, after he and Xi issued a joint statement in defense of the World Trade Organization and globalization, both of which Trump detests. Economic ties with Germany and South Korea also have improved in the wake of U.S.-China differences.
The difficult task of promoting improved human rights conditions in China is now even more difficult. On the rare occasion when Washington raises its voice to defend human rights, it is more easily ignored by Beijing. It puts the onus on the Europeans to prioritize human rights over another hefty trade package with China. So far they don’t seem anxious to sacrifice profits for Muslims.
America’s China problem
China’s role in world politics is changing dramatically. It no longer seeks to “hide its profile and bide its time,” as President Deng Xiaoping had advised. To the contrary, many Chinese foreign policy specialists speak of a post-American world, one that is not merely multipolar but in which China is the U.S.’s equal. Some Chinese specialists maintain that China will soon eclipse the U.S. in the Asia-Pacific balance of power. In this new Asia order, China has the ability to defend its territorial claims in nearby waters and possibly even deter the U.S. from protecting Taiwan.
America’s China problem is therefore no longer about “managing China’s rise.” It is about finding ways to more deeply engage China on common problems, such as climate change and energy, while also establishing rules of the road to avoid military confrontations in the South China Sea and Taiwan Strait. Neither of these paths excludes standing up for human rights (by either side, it should be added), negotiating better trade and investment terms and confronting aggressive behavior in or beyond East Asia.
What they do exclude is treatment of the other as an enemy. Inevitably, China is going to be a global military power to match its widening economic reach, which now extends to Latin America. The U.S. will have to adjust to that new reality and invest more in common security than in containment and trade wars.
Mel Gurtov, syndicated by Peace Voice, is professor emeritus of political science at Portland State University.