Three presidents have died on July 4
James Monroe, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams all died on Independence Day.
On July 4, 1831, James Monroe died from heart failure and tuberculosis at his daughter’s house in New York City. The fifth U.S. president had attempted to write an autobiography but was unable to complete it as his health slowly deteriorated after his wife died the year before.
Thousands of mourners crowded the narrow New York City streets to see the 73-year-old’s hearse make its way up to the family vault in Marble Cemetery.
But with his death came an eerie coincidence that many people couldn’t ignore: Monroe had become the third president and Founding Father to die on the Fourth of July.
Five years earlier, on the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, long-time friends and occasional rivals, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams also died.
“Thomas Jefferson survives,” were rumored to be among Adams’ last words from his deathbed in Quincy, Mass., unaware that his friend died that very day, July 4, 1826, at his Monticello estate, more than 500 miles away in Virginia.
To many Americans in the early 19th century, the timing of the deaths of three men who helped found and guide the young United States went beyond sheer coincidence.
“Again our national anniversary has been marked by one of those events, which it may be scarcely permitted to ascribe the chance,” the Boston Traveler wrote on July 8, 1831.
“Three of the four presidents who have left the scene of their usefulness and glory expired on the anniversary of the national birthday, a day which of all others, had it been permitted them to choose (they) would probably had selected for the termination of their careers,” wrote the New York Evening Post the day after Monroe’s death.
John Adams served as the second president from 1797 to 1801, followed by Thomas Jefferson who served to 1809. But long before the 13 colonies had won their independence, Adams and Jefferson played vital roles in creating the document that declared menwere created equal.
Adams, in a letter to a friend in 1822, recalled how Jefferson was placed on the committee to write the document. “Mr Jefferson came into Congress in June 1775 and brought with him a reputation for literature, science, and a happy talent at composition. Writings of his were handed about remarkable for the peculiar felicity of expression,” Adams wrote.
The irascible Adams also described why he insisted that Jefferson write the draft:
“Jefferson proposed to me to make the draught. I said I will not; You shall do it. Oh No! Why will you not? You ought to do it. I will not. Why? Reasons enough. What can be your reasons? Reason 1st. You are a Virginian, and Virginia ought to appear at the head of this business. Reason 2d. I am obnoxious, suspected and unpopular; You are very much otherwise. Reason 3d: You can write ten times better than I can. ‘Well,’ said Jefferson, ‘if you are decided I will do as well as I can.’ ”
The importance of July 4 might have surprised some Founding Fathers. The Continental Congress declared freedom from Britain on July 2 and approved the Declaration of Independence on July 4. Most members signed the document in August.
Adams thought Americans would remember July 2 as their “Day of Deliverance” from Britain. In a letter to his wife, Abigail, he wrote, “It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade, with Shews, Games, Sports, Guns, Bells, Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more.”
While Adams and Jefferson represented their states in the Continental Congress, a teenage Monroe dropped out of college in 1776 to fight in the Revolution, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel.
Adams and Jefferson would live to see the country expand well beyond the original 13 states. Adams was 90 when he died of a heart attack. Jefferson had been in declining health for years before dying at 83.
“People interpreted their deaths in a religious manner,” said Michael Meranze, U.S. history professor at UCLA. “Itwas clearly taken symbolically as both the birth and growth of the early republic.”
In 1826, for instance, Congressman Daniel Webster of Massachusetts delivered a two-hour long eulogy in Boston suggesting their deaths were a sign that God was protecting the nation.
“As their lives themselves were the gifts of Providence, who is not willing to recognize in their happy termination, as well as in their long continuance, proofs that our country and its benefactors are objects of His care?” Webster said.
Religion played a prominent role in the lives of many Americans during the early 19th century — an era known as the Second Great Awakening that took off around the late 1820s and early 1830s. It was only natural that many Americans of the era saw religious significance in the timing of the deaths of Adams, Jefferson and Monroe.
In all, it’s been 186 years since the last U.S. president died on Fourth of July. And history tells that only one president was ever born on the nation’s birthday. That occurred in 1872 with the birth of Calvin Coolidge.