Today in history

In A.D. 64, the Great Fire ofRomebegan, consuming most of the city for about a week. (Some blamed the fire onEmperorNero, who in turn blamed Christians.)

In1536, the EnglishParliament passed an act declaring the authority of the pope void in England.

In 1863, during the Civil War, Union troops spearheaded by the 54thMassachusetts Volunteer Infantry, made up of black soldiers, charged ConfederateFortWagner on Morris Island, S.C. The Confederates were able to repel the Northerners, who suffered heavy losses; the 54th's commander, Col. Robert Gould Shaw, was among those who were killed.

In 1932, the United States and Canada signed a treaty to develop the St. Lawrence Seaway.

In 1940, the Democratic National Convention at Chicago Stadium nominated President Franklin D. Roosevelt (who was monitoring the proceedings at the White House) for anunprecedented third term in office; earlier inthe day, Eleanor Roosevelt spoke to the convention, becoming the first presidential spouse to address such a gathering.

In 1947, PresidentHarry S. Truman signed a Presidential Succession Act which placed the speaker of the House and the Senate president pro tempore next in the line of succession after the vice president.

In 1955, President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Soviet Premier Nikolai Bulganin, BritishPrime MinisterAnthony Eden and French Premier Edgar Faure held a summit inGeneva.

In 1969, Sen. Edward M. Kennedy, D-Mass., left a party on Chappaquiddick Island nearMartha's Vineyard with Mary Jo Kopechne, 28; some time later, Kennedy's carwent off a bridge into thewater. Kennedy was able to escape, butKopechne drowned.

In 1984, gunman James Huberty opened fire at a McDonald's fast food restaurant in San Ysidro, California, killing 21people before being shot dead by police. Walter F. Mondale won the Democratic presidential nomination in San Francisco.