A fraction of Mosul, Syria’s Raqqa no less challenging

BEIRUT—A month into the battle to capture the Islamic State group’s selfstyled capital, U.S-backed Syrian forces have encircled the militants inside Raqqa, breached their fortified defenses and inched closer to the heart of the city. Yet the battle has barely begun.

More than 2,000 militants are holed up with their families and tens of thousands of civilians in Raqqa’s center, the city’s most densely populated quarters.

Although a fraction the size of Iraq’s Mosul, Raqqa’s urban warfare may prove as grueling, and those fighting the extremists risk being dragged into side battles with other groups in Syria’s complex civil war.

In Raqqa’s case, the Syrian Kurdish militia that is the main U.S. ally against IS has been rattled by Turkey’s mobilization on the other side of the country. Turkey is threatening to launch an offensive against a Kurdish enclave in western Syria with the help of Syrian opposition fighters. Turkish troops have mobilized near the border, and the recent Turkish shelling of Kurdish villages killed at least three civilians.

Kurdish officials warned that Turkey’s moves threaten to derail the Raqqa campaign by forcing the Kurdish militia to redeploy to defend its enclave.

Syria observers also point to the lack of capabilities and training of the U.Sbacked Syrian fighters, known as the Syrian Democratic Forces, compared to the Iraqi troops battling IS militants in Mosul and the surrounding Nineveh province since August.

“So (Mosul) is actually a yearlong campaign. I don’t think Raqqa will take that long, but it will take time,” U.S. special envoy Brett McGurk told the Dubaibased Al-Aan TV during a visit to the Raqqa front last month. He refused to specify a timeline. Another issue is who will run Raqqa once the militants are driven out. The area’s Arab population is likely to oppose any control by the Kurds, who are the dominant faction of the SDF. The U.S.-led coalition has said a local council formed by the SDF will govern.

Meanwhile, the Syrian government has vowed it will rule Raqqa, and its forces nearby could try to take advantage of the shifting situation and step in.

The coalition last week estimated some 2,500 militants remain in Raqqa. Senior members and foreigners are believed to have evacuated, and most of those who remain are believed to be Syrian fighters and tactical commanders.

They have used many of the same tactics as in Mosul, showing a similar level of organization and discipline. They deploy suicide car bombs and armed drones against advancing fighters and launch street battles in the dead of night. They carry out surprise counter-attacks in areas already recaptured by the SDF.

“This defense is designed to draw out the fight and drive up the cost for the coalition and the local population,” said Jennifer Cafarella, a Syria expert at the Institute of War Study.

Last year’s battle for the northern town of Manbij, which is half the size of Raqqa but was an important transit hub for IS, lasted over two months and ended with the militants retreating with hundreds of civilians as hostages.

In this case, the militants so far appear determined to fight to the end. If that’s the case, the SDF will have to “exterminate everyone before seizing control of Raqqa,” said Rami Abdurrahman, head of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.

Assad’s ally Russia has also made clear it opposes giving the Raqqa militants any exit corridor because they would then head to Deir el-Zour, where the Syrian government is waging its own campaign against IS, Abdurrahman said.

Since June 6, SDF fighters have waged assaults on Raqqa from the east, west and north, seizing around 20 percent of its districts. Last week, they moved across the Euphrates River, which defines Raqqa’s southern side, completing the encirclement. From there they punched into the Old City in the center.

But it remains to be seen which side is more overstretched by fighting on four fronts. The militants at one point counter-attacked, seizing parts of one eastern district, al-Sinaa, and it took the SDF days to wrest it back.

SDF fighters face belts of improvised explosives around the city, said Col. Joseph Scrocca, a coalition spokesman.

As they try to get through the bomb-laden streets, the militants hit them with heavy machine guns, rocket-propelled grenades, explosive-laden drones and snipers, he said.