TODAY IN HISTORY

1861: During the Civil War, the U.S. Navy authorized construction of the first ironclad ship, the USS Monitor.

1940: Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini conferred at Brenner Pass in the Alps.

1957: The Space Age began as the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, into orbit. James R. Hoffa was elected president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. The family comedy series “Leave It to Beaver” premiered on CBS.

1965: Pope Paul VI, making the first-ever papal visit to the Western Hemisphere, addressed the U.N. General Assembly, where he urged delegates to adopt as their solemn oath: “No more war, war never again.”

1970: Rock singer Janis Joplin, 27, was found dead in her Hollywood hotel room.

1990: For the first time in nearly six decades, German lawmakers met in the Reichstag for the first meeting of reunified Germany’s parliament. 1991: Twenty-six nations, including the United States, signed the Madrid Protocol, which imposed a 50-year ban on oil exploration and mining in Antarctica.

2001: A Russian airliner flying from Israel to Siberia was accidentally downed by a Ukrainian anti-aircraft missile over the Black Sea, killing all 78 people aboard. Barry Bonds of the San Francisco Giants hit his 70th home run to tie Mark McGwire’s 1998 record in a 10-2 victory over the Houston Astros.

2002: “American Taliban” John Walker Lindh received a 20-year sentence after a sobbing plea for forgiveness before a federal judge in Alexandria, Va. He was released from prison in May 2019. In a federal court in Boston, a laughing Richard Reid pleaded guilty to trying to blow up a trans-Atlantic flight with explosives in his shoes (the British citizen was later sentenced to life in prison).

2004: The SpaceShipOne rocket plane broke through Earth’s atmosphere to the edge of space for the second time in five days, capturing the $10 million Ansari X prize aimed at opening the final frontier to tourists. Pioneering astronaut Gordon Cooper died in Ventura at age 77.

2010: The Supreme Court began a new era with three women serving together for the first time as Elena Kagan took her place at the end of the bench.