Q&A: Where does Trump stand in Mueller’s probe?
WASHINGTON — Special counsel Robert Mueller’s team currently considers President Donald Trump to be a subject — not a criminal target — in the wide-ranging investigation into Russian election interference and possible coordination with Trump associates.
The designation has raised questions about what legal threat Trump personally faces from the special counsel and whether it has any impact on his decision to sit for an interview with prosecutors.
A few of the main issues at play:
Q: What is a “subject” of an investigation?
A: The answer is complicated. The Justice Department typically places people involved in investigations into three categories: witnesses, subjects or targets.
Witnesses are people who have observed events of interest to an investigation but are not suspected of a crime. Targets are people the government is gathering evidence against to support a criminal prosecution. Mueller Trump
Subjects fall in between. In Trump’s case, being a subject might suggest Mueller’s team believes he is more pivotal than a mere witness might be.
“A subject means we’re still looking at you,” former federal prosecutor Sharon McCarthy said. “You’re a person of interest in this investigation.”
And even within the category of subject, there is ambiguity, she said, noting the government can say “you’re a subject trending to witness or you’re a subject trending toward target.”
Q: Is Trump in the clear? A: The short answer is no. The subject designation suggests Mueller is still probing Trump’s actions. And designations can change. Plenty of people who have begun as subjects in federal investigations end up facing charges.
Still, it’s unclear that Mueller is interested in pursuing charges against Trump — or would even be able to if he wanted.
It is not known if Mueller’s office has concluded there is insufficient evidence to consider Trump a target. It’s also possible that prosecutors agree they’re bound by a Justice Department legal opinion that contends that a sitting president cannot be indicted.
Q: Is Mueller able to indict Trump?
A: In the past, the Justice Department has said no. But only Mueller and his team know whether they’ll test that opinion, and they’re not talking.
The Washington Post reported that Mueller is compiling a report addressing whether Trump obstructed justice. Mueller is required to compile a report explaining his prosecution or declination decision at the conclusion of his investigation. The report would go to Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein, who could decide to make it public or turn it over to Congress for possible impeachment proceedings.
Q: Why does Mueller want to interview Trump?
A: Mueller’s team has said it wants to hear from the president to understand his intent and his thinking during several key episodes.
Those include the firings of former FBI Director James Comey and former national security adviser Michael Flynn as well as conversations Trump had with Comey in which, the former FBI director has said, the president encouraged him to end an active investigation into Flynn.
All of the topics appear to be aimed at determining whether the president obstructed justice. The Post also reported that Mueller has indicated that interviewing Trump is necessary to complete his report on possible obstruction of justice.
Q: What are the arguments in favor of Trump being questioned?
A: The president has proclaimed his innocence and says he has nothing to hide, so submitting to an interview might be the easiest way to prove that to the American public.
It also could be a major step toward concluding the investigation, since any refusal to speak could set off a long legal fight.
Trump might enjoy the experience, too. He would have an opportunity to tell his own side of the story and try to correct others’ recollections.
It’s hard to imagine a sitting president refusing an interview with investigators — the appearance of ducking questions wouldn’t be pretty.
Q: How about the arguments against Trump giving an interview?
A: There are many. For one thing, he doesn’t have to. Absent a grand jury subpoena, there’s almost certainly no way to compel Trump to talk.
Besides, the prosecutions so far in Mueller’s case make clear that he takes false statements seriously and treats them as criminal offenses. Trump’s statements as president have often stretched the truth, and the last thing his lawyers want is for him to be in a situation where he might make a misstatement or find his words contradicted by documents.
Defense lawyers also could argue there’s no basis for a president to be questioned about constitutionally protected activities, such as his decision to fire Comey.