Lifetime of drinking California water could raise cancer risk, study finds
Drinking California tap water over the course of a lifetime could increase the risk of cancer, according to a study published on Tuesday.
Researchers with the Environmental Working Group, an advocacy non-profit, studied the combined health impacts of contaminants found in 2,737 community water systems throughout California and calculated that prolonged consumption of the contaminated water could cause almost 15,500 new cases of cancer.
The study found traces of arsenic, hexavalent chromium, and disinfection byproducts in the water systems. All of these contaminants are regulated federally and on a state level. Trace amounts of some arelegally allowed in the water.
But the study found that a majority of the cancer risk was due to the cumulative effect of these legally allowed amounts. “A large majority of the cancer risk, about 85% of it, is due to the combination of contaminants that are present at legal limits,” explained Tasha Stoiber, an Environmental Working Group senior scientist and the lead author of the report.
“We have found that the majority of that risk was below the federal legal standard,” she told the Guardian. “These cumulative risks are based on health-based standards, not legally enforceable levels. So although the drinking water may get a passing grade, there still may be some health risks associated with it.”
The California environmental protection agency said it was reviewing the study. “Assessing the cumulative risks from multiple contaminants is very complicated and there is no general consensus on the best way to do it,” said Sam Delson, a spokesman with the state office of environmental health hazard assessment.
Stoiber and the other researchers looked at the reported contaminant levels from 2011 to 2015 and added together the averages of all reported contaminants to determine the cumulative risk – a tactic common when it comes to air pollutants, but rarely done when it comes to water, said Ashok Gadgil, a University of California, Berkeley civil and environmental engineering professor who was not involved in the study.
“This is a very interesting and important way to bring the same methodology to water as we developed for air pollutants,” Gadgil said. “They’re opening up a new way for us to understand.”
The researchers believe their cancer risk estimate may be conservative because the mixtures of contaminants may be more toxic than the sum of individual pollutants.
While the study does not map out specific regions or water systems affected by contaminants, Stoiber pointed out that the cumulative effects were a “huge” issue in many smaller water systems in the state. In communities with fewer than 1,000 people, arsenic was the biggest factor in increased cancer risk, she added.
Stoiber hopes that the study will lay the groundwork for approaching water pollutants in a more aggressive manner, instead of setting health limits on just one chemical at a time. “No one is just exposed to one chemical at a time,” she said. “Drinking water oftentimes contains multiple contaminants.
“Drinking water standards haven’t kept pace with science, and drinking water treatment is expensive,” she said. “But we can always do better.”