Data shows home fires burn hotter, faster than ever: How you can reduce risks
While the number of home fires occurring in the U.S. each year has fallen by more than 50 percent since 1977, the ratio of people who die in home fires has remained virtually unchanged, based on data from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). In 1977, deaths occurred in .8 percent of home fires, and in 2013, that rate was .7 percent. One possible explanation for this discrepancy: home fires now burn hotter and faster than they did 40 years ago, meaning victims have less time to escape a burning house.
“In a series of experiments, UL demonstrated that the nature of residential fires has changed dramatically,” says Eric Skare, a volunteer firefighter in Minnesota and product manager of fire safety systems for Uponor. “Flashover — the point when intense heat causes an entire room to become engulfed in flames — now occurs less than five minutes after a fire starts. It used to take 30 minutes or longer for flashover to occur. People now have less time to get out of a burning house, even if their smoke alarms have alerted them to the fire.”
The results of this evolution in home fires can turn tragic quickly, Skare notes. “A study by the NFPA found that a third of those killed in home fires were trying to escape when they died,” he says.
The UL study cites several factors as driving the changes in home residential fires, including:
• Modern home design is toward larger homes with more open floor plans, an arrangement that facilitates the spread of fire. Older homes were smaller overall and featured smaller room plans.
• Construction materials currently in use contribute to a faster burn time.
• Today's home furnishings are made from many synthetic materials that combust easily, meaning fires have more fuel.
• In UL testing, modern windows of all types failed faster than windows made from older — or “legacy” materials. In some cases, the time difference was significant. For example, legacy windows made of wood with a metal frame and nine single-glazed panes failed in about 12 to 16 minutes, while modern premium wooden frame windows with two panes of doubleglazed glass failed in about four to six minutes. When windows fail, they admit more oxygen into a burning building to feed the fire.
All these factors contributed to UL test results that showed how much faster modern homes burn, and how escape time is much less than in decades past.
Working smoke alarms in a home are proven to reduce the risk of injuries and fatalities. Virtually every construction code in the U.S. requires smoke alarms in new construction. Functioning smoke alarms reduce the risk of home fire fatalities by 50 percent, according to the NFPA. A residential sprinkler system slashes the risks even further — by 80 percent. The U.S. Fire Administration recommends that all homes should be equipped with both smoke alarms and sprinklers. And the International Residential Code also requires fire sprinklers for new-home construction.
In decades past, concerns over cost may have kept some homeowners from incorporating fire sprinklers in their newhome construction or major renovation projects, but residential fire sprinklers are now more affordable than ever. In fact, a typical system represents about 1 to 1.5 percent of the total cost of new-home construction. For example, a $200,000 new home would require an investment of about $2,000 to install sprinklers — far less than the cost of other, less safety-oriented upgrades, such as premium appliances or flooring.
Multipurpose systems like Uponor’s, which use durable, flexible PEX piping, reduce costs even further. Because the home’s coldwater plumbing fixtures are fed from the sprinkler loop, less piping is required for the installation. And recent approvals now allow Uponor’s PEX piping to be left exposed in unfinished basement applications, which simplifies installation requirements even more. Best of all, multipurpose systems also require no specialized testing or maintenance. As a result, homeowners know the system is ready to protect them every time they use an integrated, cold-water plumbing fixture.
“If you’re building a new home or undertaking a major renovation, there’s life-saving value in asking your builder to install a fire sprinkler system,” says Skare. “It doesn’t have to cost a bundle to buy yourself and your family more time in case of a fire, and it’s well worth the investment.”
To learn more about residential fire sprinkler systems visit www.uponorusa.com. For more information about fire safety and building construction, visit www.nfpa.org or www. iccsafe.org.