Britain approves controversial gene-editing experiments

LONDON >> In a landmark decision that some ethicists warned is a step down the path toward “designer babies,” Britain gave scientists approval Monday to conduct experiments in which they will try to edit the genes in human embryos.

The scientists won’t be creating babies — the modified embryos will be destroyed after seven days. Instead, they said, the goal is to better understand human development and thereby improve fertility treatments and prevent miscarriages.

The decision by Britain’s Human-Fertilisation and Embryology Authority marks the first time a county’s national regulator has approved the technique. Permission isn’t explicitly required in many other countries, including the U.S. and China. The U.S. does not allow the use of federal funds for embryo modification, but there is no outright ban on gene editing.

Gene editing involves deleting, repairing or replacing DNA inside living cells in a sort of biological cut-and-paste technique that scientists say could one day lead to treatments for conditions like HIV or inherited disorders such as muscular dystrophy and sickle cell disease.

A team led by Kathy Niakan, an embryo and stem cell specialist at London’s new Francis Crick Institute, received the OK to use gene editing to analyze the first week of an embryo’s growth.

This research will “enhance our understanding of IVF (in vitrofertilization) success rates by looking at the very earliest stage of humandevelopment,” said Paul Nurse, directorof the institute.

None of the embryos will be transferred into women. They will be allowed to develop from a single cell to around 250 cells, afterwhich they will be destroyed.

Peter Braude, a retired professor of obstetrics and gynecology at King’s College London, said the mechanisms being investigated by Niakan and her colleagues “are crucial in ensuring healthy, normal development and implantation” and could help doctors refine fertility treatments. Braude is not connected to Niakan’s research.

There are a few methods of gene editing, but the technique Niakan’s team plans to use is known as CRISPRC as 9, a relatively fast, cheap and simple approach that many researchers are keen to try.

Some critics warn that tweaking the genetic code this way could be a slippery slope that eventually leads to designer babies, where parents not only aim to avoid inherited diseases but also seek taller, stronger, smarter or better-looking children.

Many religious groups, including the Catholic Church, object to people “playing God” and manipulating embryos. Some scientists have voiced concern that tampering with genes might have unintended consequences not apparent until after the babies are born — or generations later. And some fear such tinkering will only widen the gap between rich and poor by enabling the wealthy to create superbabies.

“This is the first step on a path that scientists have carefully mapped out towards the legalization” of genetically modified babies, David King of the advocacy group Human Genetics Alert said last month when British regulators took up the issue.

Around the world, laws and guidelines vary widely about what kind of research is allowed on embryos, since such experiments could change the genes of future generations. Countries such as Japan, China, India and Ireland have unenforceable guidelines that restrict editing of the human genome. Germany and other countries in Europe limit research on human embryos by law.