Mitigating meltdowns
Understand the science behind your child’s tantrums
LeAnne Simpson’s 6-year-old daughter had thrown plenty of tantrums before the pandemic. But after a few weeks of lockdown, minor frustrations were now writhing-on-thefloor freakouts.
“First, she’d get so frustrated she couldn’t talk,” Simpson said. “Then she would start screaming, drop to the floor and roll around flailing her arms, often kicking or hitting me if I came close to her.”
Simpson tried every tantrum-defusing strategy she could, from playing soft music and offering a snack to squeezing her daughter between couch cushions (a calming technique recommended by some therapists).
But nothing worked except sitting quietly nearby, occasionally consoling her with words or touch. Afterward, Simpson would ask her daughter what had made her so mad. “She’d always say she didn’t know,” Simpson said.
Meltdowns in young children are a common yet complicated physiological response related to the brain’s threat detection system. Midfreakout, it’s helpful for parents to understand what’s going on beneath the surface, then to mitigate the “threat” by establishing a sense of safety.
The physiology of a meltdown
According to R. Douglas Fields, a neuroscientist and author of “Why We Snap: Understanding the Rage Circuit in Your Brain,” a temper tantrum involves two parts of the brain.
The amygdala processes emotions like fear or anger, while the hypothalamus partly controls unconscious functions like heart rate or temperature. Think of the amygdala as the brain’s smoke detector and the hypothalamus as someone deciding whether to put gasoline or water on the fire — with hormones like adrenaline and cortisol.
When your daughter suddenly starts wailing about sleeping alone in her bed at night, she’s probably not consciously being difficult — her amygdala detected a threat, and her hypothalamus caused her to snap.
During the stress response, your child might experience a racing heartbeat, sweaty palms and tense muscles (or just an overwhelming urge to punch you). As much as you may want to reason with your writhing child, don’t expect her to listen. For one thing, the stress response can dampen a child’s already-limited capacity for self-control, a function generally associated with the prefrontal cortex, or PFC.
“When you have a fire burning in your house, you don’t want to sit and ponder, you want your body to fire on all cylinders so you can escape,” said Dr. Carol Weitzman, a developmental-behavioral pediatrician and co-director of the Autism Spectrum Center at Boston Children’s Hospital.
With a bit of logical self-reflection, adults can hit the brakes on a stress response. “When a driver cuts you off on the highway and your blood begins to boil, it’s your prefrontal cortex that allows you to think, ‘Wait a minute, I don’t have to act this way,’ ” Weitzman said.
But the prefrontal cortex doesn’t fully develop until adulthood, and, according to Fields, inhibition and impulse control are among the PFC’s most complicated functions: “So when you try to reason with a child, you’re appealing to a part of the brain that isn’t fully functioning.”
Dr. Mary Margaret Gleason, a child and adolescent psychiatrist at Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters in Virginia and a consultant at Tulane University, likens child meltdowns to a pot of boiling water, with the PFC acting as its lid.
“In these moments, the intensity of the feeling overwhelms the child’s ability to organize it, so the feelings get stronger than the lid,” she said.
Fortunately, with your own developed brain, you can help your kid replace the lid on the pot during a meltdown moment by using your prefrontal cortex as a surrogate.
Manage your own emotions
Before engaging with your upset child, it’s helpful to first regulate your own stress response, said Lisa Dion, a play therapist and founder of the Synergetic Play Therapy Institute in Boulder, Colorado.
If your child is safe, leave the room to take a few deep breaths or confide in a partner — whatever you need to deescalate your own frustration.
This, according to
Katie Rosanbalm, a senior research scientist at the Duke Center for Child and Family Policy, allows you to use your own calm state to calm your child.
It’s not completely clear how this works. There are most likely several physiological components, but one might involve mirror neurons, brain cells that fire in response to your own and other people’s behaviors. Watching someone run, for instance, seems to activate a similar brain region as when you run yourself.
Mirror neuron research on children is scant, and there’s still a lot to learn. But what scientists do know about this group of brain cells may help parents understand how their reactions affect their kids (and maybe even their newborn babies).
For example, mirror neurons have been found not only in the motor areas of the brain, but also in the areas that deal with emotion. The same part of your brain that lights up when you’re feeling happy may also light up when you observe happiness in others.
“So your child may not just do what you’re doing, but feel what you’re feeling,” said Dr. Marco Iacoboni, a neuroscientist and professor of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at UCLA.
Manage your kid’s reaction
It’s also important to pair your calmness with warm and empathic cues, which can signal to the amygdala that there’s no danger, Rosanbalm said: “The amygdala stops sending out the alarm, which causes the stress response cascade to cease.”
In the calm-down process, focus more on your actions rather than your words: Your child can mirror your emotions just by looking at your nonverbal communication, like your body posture, vocal tone and facial expressions.
Validate your child’s feelings
Don’t explain to your kid why she should calm down; this rarely works when stress is high.
Once your child’s partly developed prefrontal cortex is back online, help her form a story about the meltdown. Shanna Donhauser, a child and family therapist, suggested validating how hard the moment was and repeating back what happened.
“Then remind your child that you’re both OK and that you can still be close,” she said. “You’re still there.”