Saturn-orbiting Cassini spacecraft faces fiery finish

After a 20-year voyage, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft is poised to dive into Saturn this week to become forever one with the exquisite planet.

There’s no turning back: Friday it careens through the atmosphere and burns up like a meteor in the sky over Saturn.

NASA is hoping for scientific dividends up until the end. Every tidbit of data radioed back from Cassini will help astronomers better understand the entire Saturnian system — rings, moons and all.

The only spacecraft ever to orbit Saturn, Cassini spent the past five months exploring the uncharted territory between the gaseous planet and its dazzling rings. It’s darted 22 times between that gap, sending back ever more wondrous photos.

On Monday, Cassini flew past jumbo moon Titan one last time for a gravity assist— a final kiss goodbye, as NASA calls it, nudging the spacecraft into a deliberate, no-way-out path.

During its final plunge early Friday morning, Cassini will keep sampling Saturn’s atmosphere and beaming back data, until the spacecraft loses control and its antenna no longer points toward Earth. Descending at a scorching 76,000 mph, Cassini will melt and then vaporize. It should be all over in a minute.

“The mission has been insanely, wildly, beautifully successful, and it’s coming to an end,” said NASA program scientist Curt Niebur. “I find great comfort in the fact that Cassini will continue teaching us up to the very last second.”

Telescopes on Earth will watch for Cassini’s burnout nearly a billion miles away. But any flashes will be hard to see given the time — close to high noon at Saturn — and Cassini’s minuscule size against the solar system’s second largest planet.

The plutonium on board will be the last thing to go. The dangerous substance was encased in super-dense iridium as a safeguard for Cassini’s 1997 launch and has been used for electric power to run its instruments. Project officials said once the iridium melts, the plutonium will be dispersed into the atmosphere. Nothing — not even traces of plutonium — should escape Saturn’s deep gravity well.

The whole point of this one last exercise — dubbed the Grand Finale — is to prevent the spacecraft from crashing into the moons of Enceladus or Titan. NASA wants future robotic explorers to find pristine worlds where life might possibly exist, free of Earthly contamination.

It’s inevitable that the $3.9 billion U.S.-European mission is winding down. Cassini’s fuel tank is almost empty, and its objectives have been accomplished many times over since its 2004 arrival at Saturn following a seven-year journey.

The leader of Cassini’s imaging team, planetary scientist Carolyn Porco, already feels the loss.

“There’s another part of me that’s just, ‘It’s time. We did it.’ Cassini was so profoundly, scientifically successful,” said Porco, a visiting scholar at the University of California, Berkeley. “It’s amazing to me even, what we were able to do right up until the end.”

Until Cassini, only three spacecraft had ventured into Saturn’s neighborhood: NASA’s Pioneer 11 in 1979 and Voyager 1 and 2 in the early 1980s. Those were just flybys, though, and offered fleeting glances. And so Cassini and its traveling companion, the Huygens lander, actually provided the first hard look at Saturn, its rings and moons. They are named for 17thcentury astronomers, Italian Giovanni Domenico Cassini and Dutch Christiaan Huygens, who spotted Saturn’s first moon, Titan. The current count is 62.

Cassini discovered six moons — some barely a mile or two across — as well as swarms of moonlets that are still part of Saturn’s rings.

NASA — JPL-CALTECH — SPACE SCIENCE INSTITUTE VIA AP This image made available by NASA shows Saturn’s shadow on its rings as seen from the Cassini spacecraft. During its deliberate plunge Friday Cassini will keep sampling Saturn’s atmosphere and beaming back data, until the spacecraft loses control and...