What’s difference between probiotics and prebiotics?

DEAR DR. ROACH >>

Please explain the difference between probiotics and prebiotics? I know they are both helpful for the digestive system, but I’m not sure why.

— A.B.

DEAR READER >> Prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients, such as fiber, that promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the intestines. Probiotics are the healthy organisms themselves, such as Lactobacillus and others. The proposed benefits include treatment and prevention of allergic disease, treatment of several intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and infectious diarrhea, and alleviating symptoms of depression. However, the purported benefits of prebiotics and probiotics have not been proven to the point of consensus among experts.

Our understanding of the microflora of the gut is really in its infancy. While I believe there are potential benefits in people with particular medical conditions, it is not yet clear which conditions they should be used for nor which specific products to use. More importantly, many people use both prebiotics and probiotics in absence of any disease or symptoms. I do not recommend this, as there is no convincing evidence that they are effective at preventing disease.

DEAR DR. ROACH >> I am a 75-year-old male in decent health. I have osteoporosis of the spine and three fractured vertebrae. I have on and off back pain but consider myself fortunate to be able to walk and move as much as I do. Exercise is a regular daily thing in my life. One year ago, I was unable to walk at all because my pain was unceasing.

I have studied all the types of osteoporosis treatments. There is quite a range but no cure for the problem. The side effects of treatment force a huge number of people to stop taking them. No one will recommend a particular treatment for me. I take the recommended dose of vitamin D and calcium supplement, but I am reluctant to start any chemical treatment. Am I being foolish to wait?

DEAR READER >> With a history of three fractures, it’s not wise to refuse therapy beyond vitamin D and calcium. The next fracture could be even worse than the three you have had before. Vertebral fractures are usually painful and can lead to compression of the nerves to the body, with complications of worse pain, weakness and numbness.

Worse yet, a hip fracture is a devastating injury, usually necessitating major surgery and always with significant risks.

I don’t have enough information about you to recommend a particular therapy.