Sea drone warfare has arrived
The U.S. Navy’s efforts to build a fleet of unmanned vessels are faltering because the Pentagon remains wedded to big shipbuilding projects, according to some officials and company executives, exposing a weakness as sea drones reshape naval warfare.
The lethal effectiveness of sea drones has been demonstrated in the Black Sea, where Ukraine has deployed remote-controlled speedboats packed with explosives to sink Russian frigates and minesweepers since late 2022.
Yemeni-backed Houthi rebels have employed similar vessels against commercial shipping in the Red Sea in recent months, albeit without success.
These tactics have caught the attention of the Pentagon, which is incorporating lessons from Ukraine and the Red Sea into its plans to counter China’s rising naval power in the Pacific, Pentagon spokesman Eric Pahon told Reuters.
In a signal of the Pentagon’s intent, Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathleen Hicks announced an initiative in August – named Replicator - to deploy hundreds of small, relatively cheap air and sea drones within the next 18-24 months to match China’s growing military threat.
This public show of commitment masks years of hesitation by the U.S. Navy to build a fleet of unmanned vessels despite repeated warnings this was the future of maritime warfare, according to interviews with a dozen people with direct knowledge of the U.S. sea drone plans, including Navy officers, Pentagon officials and sea drone company executives.
Two Navy sources and three executives at sea drone manufacturers said the biggest impediment to progress has been a Department of Defense budget process that prioritizes big ships and submarines built by legacy defense contractors.
“At some point, you hit the D.C. problem,” said Philipp Stratmann, CEO at Ocean Power Technologies, a New Jersey-based firm that supplies the U.S. Navy with the WAM-V, an autonomous surface drone.
“You hit the fact that there is a military industrial complex that has the best lobbyists and knows exactly how the money flows and contracting works in the DoD.”
A Navy spokesperson said it “acquires capabilities based on fleet demand signals,” referring to the messages headquarters receive from commanders at sea.
The Navy has a budget of $172 million this year for small and mediumsized underwater sea drones, falling to $101.8 million in 2025, the spokesperson said. That’s a tiny fraction of the $63 billion Navy procurement budget proposed by President Joe Biden’s administration for 2025.
Military sea drones can range from missile-armed speedboats to minehunting miniature submarines and solar-powered sailboats equipped with high-definition spy cameras, underwater sensors and loudspeakers used to holler warnings at enemy ships.
But when the Navy has deployed sea drones on reconnaissance missions in recent years, it hasn’t always had the fleet expertise to use them, the two Navy sources said, asking not to be named due to the sensitivity of the matter.
There aren’t enough Navy sailors trained to pilot drones or to analyze the vast data sent back from the craft’s cameras and sensors, the sources said.
The spokesperson said the Navy was in the process of improving its data collection and analysis from sensors.
Pentagon spokesman Pahon said the DoD has been “laser-focused on accelerating innovation over the last three years,” including the use of sea drones.
Acknowledging budget challenges, Pahon said the Pentagon was using innovative ways to cross “the valley of death, a term used to describe the torturous approval process new inventions travel through to be purchased in large quantities.
One example Pahon cited was the Replicator program: the short-term, $500 million-a-year project is designed to cut through bureaucracy and fasttrack the deployment of thousands of cheap aerial and sea drones.
These drones will be used to match China’s rapidly growing air and naval power in the Asia-Pacific region, the Pentagon’s Hicks said at the project’s launch in August. She said Replicator is being funded mainly by reallocating funds from the existing Pentagon budget.
As part of the initiative, the Pentagon in January issued a solicitation for private companies to deliver small sea drones to the Navy, demanding production capacity of 120 vessels per year, with deployment beginning in April 2025.
On Monday, the Pentagon said the Switchblade-600, an aerial loitering munition made by AeroVironment Inc, was the first weapon publicly confirmed to be included in the Replicator initiative.