Is special education the answer for children who are struggling?

The Covid-19 pandemic sent Heidi Whitney's daughter into a tailspin.

Suddenly the San Diego middle schooler was sleeping all day and awake all night. When in-person classes resumed, she was so anxious at times that she begged to come home early, telling the nurse her stomach hurt.

Whitney tried to keep her daughter in class. But the teen's desperate bids to get out of school escalated. Ultimately, she was hospitalized in a psychiatric ward, failed "pretty much everything" at school and was diagnosed with depression and ADHD.

As she started high school this fall, she was deemed eligible for special education services, because her disorders interfered with her ability to learn, but school officials said it was a close call. It was hard to know how much her symptoms were chronic or the result of mental health issues brought on by the pandemic, they said.

"They put my kid in a gray area," said Whitney, a paralegal.

Schools contending with soaring student mental health needs and other challenges have been struggling to determine just how much the pandemic is to blame. Are the challenges the sign of a disability that will impair a student's learning long term, or something more temporary?

It all adds to the desperation of parents trying to figure out how best to help their children. If a child doesn't qualify for special education, where should parents go for help?

"I feel like because she went through the pandemic and she didn't experience the normal junior high, the normal middle school experience, she developed the anxiety, the deep depression and she didn't learn. She didn't learn how to become a social kid," Whitney said. "Everything got turned on its head."

Schools are required to spell out how they will meet the needs of students with disabilities in Individualized Education Programs, and the demand for screening is high. Some schools have struggled to catch up with assessments that were delayed in the early days of the pandemic. For many, the task is also complicated by shortages of psychologists.

To qualify for special education services, a child's school performance must be suffering because of a disability in one of 13 categories, according to federal law. They include autism, attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder, learning disabilities like dyslexia, developmental delays and "emotional disturbances."

It's important not to send children who might have had a tough time during the pandemic into the special education system, said John Eisenberg, the executive director of the National Association of State Directors of Special Education.

"That's not what it was designed for," he said. "It's really designed for kids who need specially designed instruction. It's a lifelong learning problem, not a dumping ground for kids that might have not got the greatest instruction during the pandemic or have major other issues."

In the 2020-2021 school year, about 15% of all public school students received special education services under federal law, according to the National Center for Education Statistics.

Among kids ages 6 and older, special education enrollment rose by 2.4% compared with the previous school year, according to federal data. The figures also showed a large drop in enrollment for younger, preschool-age students, many of whom were slow to return to formal schooling. The numbers varied widely from state to state. No data is available yet for last year.

While some special education directors worry the system is taking on too many students, advocates are hearing the opposite is happening, with schools moving too quickly to dismiss parent concerns.

Even now, some children are still having evaluations pushed off because of staffing shortages, said Marcie Lipsitt, a special education advocate in Michigan. In one district, evaluations came to a complete halt in May because there was no school psychologist to do them, she said.

When Heather Wright approached her son's school last fall seeking help with the 9-yearold's outbursts and other behavioral issues, staff suggested private testing. The stay-at-home mom from Sand Creek, Michigan, called eight places. The soonest she could get an appointment was in December of this year — a full 14 months later.

She also suspects her 16-yearold has a learning disability and is waiting for answers from the school about both children.

"I hear a lot of: 'Well, everyone's worse. It's not just yours,'" she said. "Yeah, but, like, this is my child and he needs help."

It can be challenging to tease out the differences between problems that stem directly from the pandemic and a true disability, said Brandi Tanner, an Atlanta-based psychologist who has been deluged with parents seeking evaluations for potential learning disabilities, ADHD and autism.