Inside the dark world of child trafficking
For thousands of ‘sex tourists,’ no age is too young
For thousands of “sex tourists” in Bangkok no age is too young for the men who frequent red-light districts.
IndyStar columnist Tim Swarens spent a year investigating the commercial sex trade of children, a lucrative business in which more than 1 million kids a year are abused. This is an installment of columns in the EXPLOITED series.
BANGKOK – Outside Lolita’s, a bar in the Nana Plaza red-light district, the women check their makeup and chat as they wait on display like shoes in a shop window. Their schoolgirl uniform — plaid skirt, white shirt — is a lure to bring men inside, where beer runs less than four bucks and oral sex costs a bit more than $20.
Men for decades have traveled from around the globe to Nana Plaza, billed in glowing neon as “the world’s largest adult playground.” And the dollars they’ve left behind have reshaped the landscape. An NBA game plays on the big screen at the American Bar & Grill, across the alley from Lolita’s. Nearby, tourists and locals pour into McDonald’s, Starbucks and Hooter’s.
No one is shy about why men come here. On Lolita’s website, management claims it has been ranked the “No. 1 BJ bar” in the city since 2002.
Dozens of other bars and clubs in Nana Plaza and the city’s other redlight districts tout their special services; the competition dollars is fierce. Lolita’s sales edge is the fantasy of youth. In reality, most of the women are long past their school days. But their work uniform is a girl’s clothing.
“Lolita, noun: A precociously seductive girl.” First known use: 1959.
— Merriam-Webster
Dolores Haze was raped. She was 12. Her serial rapist, a middle-aged literature professor named Humbert Humbert, gave his stepdaughter a pet name. You probably know it — Lolita.
In Vladimir Nabokov’s 1955 novel, even Dolores’ rapist, in his rare moments of honesty, recognized the pain he caused. She “sobs in the night — every night,” Humbert says. Yet within a few years of the novel’s publication, another crime was committed against the fictional character of Dolores, and worse, to millions of real-life sexual abuse victims. Uncomfortable with Dolores the rape victim, our culture turned her into Lolita, the symbol of temptation, a “precociously seductive girl” luring men into her bed.
Young sex sells. Ask the makers of Lolita panties (the ones with “Kiss Me” and “Yes Daddy” printed on the back). Ask the peddlers of Lolita sunglasses (the movie poster for Stanley Kubrick’s 1962 version of Lolita shows Dolores wearing heart-framed sunglasses and bright red lipstick. She’s sucking on a red lollipop). Ask the owners of the “No. 1 BJ bar” in Bangkok.
Two hours by car south of Nana Plaza, I have arrived on the wildest night of the year in the sex tourism capital of the world. The annual Songkran festival, in celebration of the Thai New Year, is near its end in Pattaya, and tens of thousands have poured into the streets for the party.
The crowd on the beach road is mostly young and mostly having good fun. But the faces of dozens of older western men, many sporting large water guns to spray the young partiers, stand out in the sea of youth, like sharks circling a school of mackerel.
Pattaya got its start as a commercial sex hub during the Vietnam War when American forces were stationed at a nearby air base. After the war, instead of closing shop, businesses expanded the bars and brothels and began to market the destination to sex tourists. Pattaya’s decades-long reputation as an international “Sin City” was born.
In recent years, Thai leaders have tried to downplay sex tourism in Pattaya, Bangkok and elsewhere. The beach and other area attractions bring to Pattaya an increasing number of families and other visitors with no interest in buying sex. But scores of sex clubs and bars still operate in and near the Walking Street red-light district, and thousands of “mongers,” a description some sex tourists adopted for themselves, still flock here. The Pattaya Reports page of the International Sex Guide features more than 23,000 submitted entries from sex buyers.
The great majority of those buyers don’t travel to Pattaya or other destinations to purchase sex with children. But mixed into the masses are pedophiles and, in greater numbers, buyers who don’t care about the true age of the boys and girls they exploit.
The ‘grooming’ of children
Although Thailand long has been a top sex tourism destination, it’s actually domestic buyers who drive most of the trade. The same is true in other countries. Tourists bring in big dollars, but it’s locals who supply the market’s base with more frequent purchases.
Still, tourist-related exploitation of children appears to be rising in the region. ECPAT International, in its 2016 report “Offenders on the Move: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism,” found that in Southeast Asia, “grooming of children by foreign child sex offenders is widespread. In addition, offenders are regularly gathering child abuse imagery in the course of their exploitation. Such imagery is often shared with other offenders and used to groom and/or blackmail children into ongoing sexual exploitation.”
On a bar-lined side street off Pattaya’s beach road, I encounter four teen girls giggling and bumping hips with two guys. The group has the look of schoolkids out for a night of adventure, except that the guys are pushing 40 and sport business haircuts. As I follow them, one of the men reaches to hold a girl’s hand. The second man begins to trail behind with another girl, separating her from the group.
We merge back into the masses on the beach road, and a woman presses against me. She smiles and signals she wants to paint wet clay (another Songkran tradition) on my cheek. I shake my head no, and she moves on.
The girls and men have disappeared into the crowd. I decide to retreat from the madness.
“I’ve kind of been looked at that way all my life. Most men look at me like a sex object. It’s been like that since I was 12 or
13.” — 17-year-old trafficking survivor
Like Humbert Humbert, Richard Purnell was obsessed. In an eightmonth span, from July 2015 to February 2016, federal authorities say Purnell sent 5,854 text messages and placed 204 phone calls to numbers listed in Backpage escort ads. Backpage is the most popular website for those who buy and sell sex, and it’s among those targeted for sanctions under the Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act now before the U.S. Senate.
Authorities accused Purnell of directing more than 1,000 calls and texts to three young trafficking victims from the Cleveland area, including a girl first sold for sex when she was 13.
By the time she was 14, the child was advertised on Backpage as a “lovely college girl” with a “thing for older men.” And Purnell, 55, had become such a frequent buyer that he had his own contact names on her phone — “Grandfather” and “Parma Play.” (Purnell, who owned a small roofing business, lived in the Cleveland suburb of Parma, Ohio). Once, he even picked up the girl from a foster home and drove her to his house for sex.
In November 2015, federal agents, responding to a Backpage ad, rescued the 14-year-old at a hotel. They also arrested her pimp, 22-year-old Ronnie Pratt, who was waiting in a car outside. Pratt, who was convicted in September 2016 of trafficking three teen girls, is serving a 14-year sentence.
A ‘pretty decent guy’
The days of Richard Purnell’s double life were about to end.
Police and prosecutors, faced with limited time and money, must make difficult decisions every day about which suspected criminals to charge. Building a case after the fact on a buyer who abused a child can be difficult and timeconsuming. In Purnell’s case — he was sentenced in July to 17 years in prison — the decision to arrest and prosecute him was not driven solely by the fact he bought sex with a child. It was the frequency with which Purnell purchased sex, the level of his obsession.
Yet dozens of other men, none charged, also purchased the girl Purnell exploited. They remain free. Which prompts a question: How many times does it take for a man to pay to sexually abuse a 14-year-old before he’s in serious legal trouble?
Purnell was the first buyer in northern Ohio and one of a few across the country to be prosecuted for paying to exploit a child. In 2015, Congress strengthened criminal penalties buyers can face. And Assistant U.S. Attorney Bridget Brennan, who led the case against Purnell, said more buyers are likely to be prosecuted.
Purnell’s attorney, public defender Edward Bryan, told me his client was selectively prosecuted and isn’t the public scourge he was made out to be. “Anybody who knows (Purnell) knows he’s a pretty decent guy,” Bryan said. “He treated the women well. He was safe. If there’s a good john vs. a bad john, he’s that guy.”
Prosecutor Brennan’s response: “He selected himself by repeatedly purchasing sex with a child.”
Bryan, who described the fight against sex trafficking as a “cause du jour,” said his client was fooled by deceptive Backpage ads and didn’t know the girl was underage. “When she testified, she looked like a 14-year-old,” Bryan said. “In fact, I would say she looked like she was 12. On Backpage, in a bra and panties, she looked older.”
Bryan argued it was the girls — not his client or the pimps — who were in charge of the business. He said a second 14-year-old purchased by Purnell — a girl drawn into sex trade at age 12 — had on her own arranged a round trip from Cleveland to Las Vegas, where she met sex buyers. “‘She was the most experienced prostitute I visited,’ ” Bryant said Purnell told him. “‘She would do anything.’ ”
The rationalizations are appalling, but it’s true trafficking victims often don’t react in ways we think they should. They may appear to be willing participants. They may push the illusion they’re in control, when in fact they can’t control who uses their bodies. They may present to the world a hardened shell. What’s not seen, what’s buried deep inside, is the abuse and betrayal that so often break a child even before the buyers begin to arrive.
“I didn’t really care what happened to me,” a 17-year-old girl from Indiana said of the period two years earlier when she was commercially exploited. “It was at a really low point in my life.”
Today, she’s a survivor who wants men to stop believing dangerous fantasies about a seductive Lolita waiting behind the hotel door.
“No girl wants that,” she said. “The smile on our face is fake.”
The EXPLOITED project was made possible by a grant from the Society of Professional Journalists. Google, Eli Lilly and Co., and Indiana Wesleyan University provided additional support for this project. Contact Swarens at tim.swarens@indystar.com.
The faces of dozens of older western men stand out in the sea of youth, like sharks circling a school of mackerel.