Software on airplanes not like your iPad

Question: What kind of hardware and software technology do pilots use when flying planes?

— Abby Beattie, South Africa Answer: Flight-management computers use very complex software to perform myriad tasks. The interface is improving with airplanes such as the Boeing 787 and Airbus A350.

The hardware and software is designed and tested specifically for the type of airplane. It is not like a Windows or Apple system.

Q: Do you believe the airlines really can lock hackers out of taking over fully fly-by-wire airplanes?

— Michael Stockton, Denver

A: When you totally isolate the network, then it is easier to keep out hackers. There are very careful protocols regarding access into critical computer systems. Additionally, different manufacturers and different operating systems are used for redundancy. It is not possible to get into the flight control computers through the Internet.

Q: If a plane were struck by an EMP, are there backup systems for manual control by the pilots?

— Sean Patrick, Labelle, Fla.

A: An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) would affect airplanes differently depending on when the plane was designed. Modern electronic jets (fly by wire) have shielded computers and wiring, protecting the ability to control the airplane. Older airplanes have manual (cable) backup systems.

Q: Does the pilot see the ground by looking through the window, or is it done through computerized mechanisms?

— Rony, Philadelphia

A: Through the windows.

John Cox is a retired airline captain with US Airways.