Suit against tribal adoption rules thrown out
PHOENIX — A federal judge has thrown out a bid to void federal laws that challengers claim is racist because it places the desires and rights of Native American tribes over the constitutionally protected best interests of children.
In an extensive ruling, U.S. District Court Judge Neil Wake said attorneys for the Goldwater Institute had not proven that any of the children they were claiming to represent had been harmed because of the requirements of the Indian Child Welfare Act. And Wake said that there is a child who may be in danger that claim can be handled by the state courts that are handling that adoption or foster care proceeding.
Attorney Timothy Sandefur called that “disturbing,” saying it amounts to saying he has to wait until children are actually harmed.
“The whole point of federal civil rights law is that we can go to a federal judge and get an injunction that prevents racist discriminatory law from being applied to children,” he said.
“We shouldn’t have to suffer the imposition of racist laws,” Sandefur continued. “We should be able to get a court to stop the government from imposing the sep- arate and unequal standard on these children.”
The federal law at issue was adopted in 1978 amid concerns that state courts were severing parental rights and approving adoptions of Native-American children who did not live on reservations. The congressional record shows that Congress was concerned that these children were being increasingly adopted by non-Indian families.
That law requires state courts when placing Indian children who do not live on a reservation for adoption to give preference to a member of the child’s extended family. That is followed by priority by other members of the child’s tribe and, ultimately, other Indian families.
There also are provisions that Sandefur say require active efforts to reunite a Native American child with a family, something he said “requires these children to be sent back to the parents that have abused them.”
According to the Goldwater Institute, all that is racist because it overrules state laws which require courts to give prime consideration to the “best interests of the child,” regardless of whether that means placement with a tribal member or someone else.
The lawsuit was filed in 2015 on behalf of two children with some Native American blood who currently are placed with nonIndian families where they have lived since they were infants.
It charges the Indian Child Welfare Act gives tribes pretty much unfettered authority to decide placement of children with some native blood, “even those who have never set foot on a reservation.”
The claim most immediately sought to protect these two children from being taken from their current homes. Other children were subsequently added to the claim.
But the lawsuit also asked Wake to certify the complaint as a class action on behalf of every Native American child not living on a reservation currently placed with a non-Indian family, barring application of the Indian Child Welfare Act in any of their cases. In Arizona alone, the lawsuit said there were more than 1,300 Native American children in out-of-home care in 2014.
It wasn’t just the federal government and tribes seeking to throw out the case. Dawn Williams, an assistant state attorney general, argued to Wake he should not disturb the law.
“The federal law was enacted to remediate generations of forced assimilation,” she wrote in her pleadings. Anyway, Williams argued, the lawsuit cites only “nebulous speculative harm” to the children at issue in this case.
It was that argument that forms much of the basis for Wake’s ruling.
He noted the complaint does not allege any facts showing that the foster care placement of any child was delayed or that any of the children were exposed to greater risk because of the provisions of the federal law.
Wake said what the lawsuit seeks is a ruling on the law in advance of any injury. And the judge said if there is a problem, there is a legal remedy short of him voiding the federal law.
“Any true injury to any child or interested adult can be addressed in the state court proceeding itself, based on actual facts before the court, not on hypothetical concerns,” Wake wrote. “They do not have standing to have this court preadjudicate for state court judges how to rule on facts that may arise and that may be governed by statutes or guidelines that this court may think invalid.”
Because Wake threw the case out on the grounds there was no basis for a lawsuit, at least not yet, he never addressed the question of whether the federal law amounts to illegal racism.