Why Africa’s free-trade area offers so much promise

AFRICAN leaders recently signed a framework establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), the largest freetrade agreement since the creation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO).

The free-trade area aims to create a single market for goods and services in Africa. By 2030 the market size is expected to include 1,7 billion people with more than $6,7 trillion of cumulative consumer and business spending — that is if all African countries have joined the free-trade area by then. Ten countries, including SA and Nigeria, have yet to sign up.

The goal is to create a single continental market for goods and services, with free movement of business persons and investments.

The agreement has the potential to deliver a great deal for countries on the continent. The hope is that the trade deal will trigger a virtuous cycle of more intra-African trade, which will drive the structural transformation of economies — the transition from low productivity and labour-intensive activities to higher productivity and skills-intensive industrial and service activities — which, in turn, will produce better paid jobs and make an impact on poverty.

But signing the agreement is only the beginning. For it to come into force, 22 countries must ratify it. Their national legislative bodies must approve and sanction the framework formally, showing full commitment to its implementation. Niger President Issoufou Mahamadou, who has been championing the process, aims to have the ratification process completed by January 2019.

Cause and effect

Some studies have shown that by creating a pan-African market, intra-African trade could increase by about 52 percent by 2022. Better market access creates economies of scale. Combined with appropriate industrial policies, this contributes to a diversified industrial sector and growth in manufacturing value added products.

Manufacturing represents only about 10 percent of total GDP in Africa on average. This falls well below other developing regions. A successful continental free-trade area could reduce this gap. And a bigger manufacturing sector will mean more wellpaid jobs, especially for young people. This will help poverty alleviation.

Industrial development, and with it, more jobs, is desperately needed in Africa. Industry represents one-quarter to one-third of total job creation in other regions of the world — and a young person in Africa is twice as likely to be unemployed when he or she becomes an adult.

This is a particularly stressful situation given that more than 70 percent of Sub-Saharan Africa’s population is below 30. In addition, 70 percent of Africa’s youth live on less than $2 a day.

The continental free-trade area is expected to offer substantial opportunities for industrialisation, diversification, and high-skilled employment in Africa. The single continental market will offer the opportunity to accelerate the manufacture and intra-African trade of value-added products, moving from commodity-based economies and exports to economic diversification and high-value exports.

But, to increase the impact of the trade deal, industrial policies must be put in place. These must focus on productivity, competition, diversification, and economic complexity.

In other words, governments must create enabling conditions to ensure productivity is raised to international competitiveness standards. The goal must be to ensure the products manufactured in African countries are competitively traded on the continent and abroad, and to diversify the range and sophistication of products and services.

Drivers of manufacturing

Data shows that the most economically diverse countries are also the most successful. In fact, diversification is critical as countries that are able to sustain a diverse range of productive know-how, including sophisticated, unique know-how, are able to produce a wide diversity of goods, including complex products that few other countries can make.

Diverse African economies, such as SA and Egypt, are likely to be the drivers of the free-trade area, and are likely to benefit from it the most. These countries will find a large continental market for their manufactured products. They will also use their know-how and dense industrial landscape to develop innovative products and respond to market demand. But the agreement on its own won’t deliver results. Governments must put in place policies that drive industrial development, particularly manufacturing. Five key ones stand out:

1. Human capital: a strong manufacturing sector needs capable, healthy, and skilled workers. Policy makers should adjust curriculums to ensure skills are adapted to the market — and there must be a special focus on young people. Curriculums must focus on skills and building capacity for entrepreneurship and self-employment. This should involve business training at an early age and skills upgrading at an advanced one. This should go hand in hand with promoting science, technology, engineering, entrepreneurship and mathematics (STEM), as well as vocational and on-the-job training.

Policy makers should also favour the migration of highly skilled workers across the continent.

2. Cost: policy makers must bring down the cost of doing business. The barriers include energy, access to roads and ports, security, financing, bureaucratic restrictions, corruption, dispute settlement and property rights.

3. Supply network: industries are more likely to evolve if competitive networks exist. Policy makers should ease trade restrictions and integrate regional trade networks. In particular, barriers for small-and medium-sized businesses should be lifted.

4. Domestic demand: policy makers should offer tax incentives to firms to unlock job creation, and to increase individual and household incomes. Higher purchasing power for households will increase the size of the domestic market.

5. Resources: manufacturing requires heavy investment. This should be driven by the private sector. Policy makers should facilitate access to finance, especially for small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). And to attract foreign direct investment, policy makers should address impressions of poor risk perception. This invariably scares off potential investors or sets excessive returns’ expectations.

Increased productivity

The continental free-trade area facilitates industrialisation by creating a continental market, unlocking manufacturing potential and bolstering an international negotiation bloc.

Finally, the continental free-trade area will also provide African leaders with a greater negotiating power to eliminate barriers to exporting. This will help prevent agreements with other countries, and trading blocs, that are likely to hurt exports and industrial development. — The Conversation.