Groundnut: An easy to grow crop

GROUNDNUT is one of the most popular crops grown in many parts of Zimbabwe. It is a valuable source of healthy fats and proteins; hence it is a crucial staple food.

It is always on demand all year round. Farmers should, therefore, consider turning to groundnut production.

Since Zimbabwe is expected to receive normal to below normal rainfall this cropping season due to the El Niño phenomenon, the growing of small grains is encouraged. In mitigating the effects of climate change, agricultural experts are also pushing for the growing of legumes, particularly groundnuts, in drier regions.

Nuts are an effective component of semiarid farming systems. They are known for supporting nutrient recycling and soil carbon enrichment, vital in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, hence mitigating climate change.

That said, groundnut is one crop that is easy to grow. The first step in cultivating the crop is preparing the soil.

Zimbabwe’s climate is generally suitable for growing groundnuts, with its tropical and subtropical conditions providing the necessary warmth for the crop to thrive.

Crucially, the soil should be rich in organic matter, and free of weeds and pests. Before planting, the soil must be tilled to a depth of about 30cm to break up compacted layers and improve aeration.

Farmers are encouraged to apply the recommended amounts of fertiliser, depending on soil type and nutrient requirements.

There are several groundnut varieties available in Zimbabwe. Some of them are Egret, Bob White, Plover, Flamingo, Falcon, Teal, Jesa, Tern and Ilanda.

Two main ways of planting crop

There are two main ways of planting groundnuts: either by direct seeding or by transplanting seedlings.

Direct seeding involves sowing seeds in rows. This can be done through dry or wet planting. Transplanting involves raising seedlings in a nursery and then transplanting them into the field.

When planting groundnuts, it is essential to ensure the soil has enough moisture to sustain the seeds to germination.

Once the groundnut has germinated, farmers are encouraged to provide proper care to ensure there is optimal growth.

Irrigation, pest and weed management are critical to ensure the plants remain healthy.

Groundnut farmers in Zimbabwe may face several challenges such as drought, pests and diseases.

To address these issues, farmers should consider use of drought-resistant groundnut varieties and implement efficient irrigation systems to minimise water usage. Adopting conservative farming practices and crop rotation minimises the risk of diseases.

Harvesting

Groundnuts are typically harvested when the above-ground portion (leaves and stem) of the plant have dried, and the nuts have matured inside their pods.

This usually occurs at least three months after planting, depending on the variety and growing conditions. To harvest, pull the plant up, being careful not to damage the nuts. Once harvested, allow the nuts to dry for days before shelling and storing.

Market

Groundnuts in Zimbabwe can be grown for both commercial and domestic purposes. Peanut butter and snack manufacturers are some of the popular buyers of groundnuts. Popular markets such as Mbare Musika can provide a ready market for growers.

According to Trade Map, top groundnut-producing countries globally are China, India, Nigeria, the United States, Sudan and Argentina.

Even though groundnut farming can present an opportunity for increased income, there has been a notable decline in production in Zimbabwe over the years.

The low output has been attributed to price fluctuations and poor yields owing to erratic rainfall patterns. However, to boost production of groundnuts in the 2022/2023 summer cropping season, the Government launched a programme to support smallholder farmers under the climate-proofed Presidential Inputs Scheme, commonly known as Pfumvudza/ Intwasa.

The scheme was meant to increase production by 75 percent, to over 410 000 tonnes from 347 000 hectares, and move Zimbabwe into self-sufficiency in terms of peanut butter and oil.

Growing groundnuts can be a profitable venture, provided farmers follow the appropriate planting techniques and address potential challenges. By selecting suitable soil, implementing proper agronomic practices and using disease-resistant seeds, farmers can successfully cultivate groundnuts and contribute to Zimbabwe’s agriculture sector.