Insights into cattle investments
PIGGY has been exploring several business ventures in Zimbabwe and an interesting one is ranching. is is basically the practice of raising livestock or wildlife to provide meat, dairy and raw materials for fabrics.
Ranching on a large scale can also improve rangeland and plant biodiversity.
In another light, some ranches offer tourist facilities. Cattle ranching, on the other hand, refers to the rearing of cattle on a dedicated piece of land meant for their grazing, housing and management.
In Zimbabwe, cattle ranching has always been a popular practice given that cows symbolise wealth culturally. ere is, however, a strong case for the commercial cattle farming business given that it forms the backbone of the beef industry in Zimbabwe.
Over the past few years, the demand for good-quality beef product has been on the increase.
An analysis of the industry indicates that Zimbabwe’s national herd is approximately 5,5 million with a large percentage being held by small-scale farmers.
e country’s beef herd has gone down from a peak of 14 million head in the 1990s.
e structure of the ownership of the national herd has had a direct bearing on the genetic composition, with most of the cattle breeds being of the indigenous Mashona, Tuli and Nguni breeds.
With full commercial beef breeding operations comprising less than 10% of the national herd, there is consequently a smaller component of foreign breeds, such as, Brahman, Angus and Limousine.
Beef cattle production has traditionally occurred in Matabeleland and Masvingo provinces, which were viewed as having a comparative advantage relevant to other provinces.
However, this has changed somewhat with the evolution of the national herd in the last 20 years and beef cattle production is now more widespread throughout the country. ere are several business models in cattle ranching. In this note, Piggy focuses on pen fattening.
Pen fattening involves the feeding of finishing beef cattle with a protein balanced, high-energy diet for a period of 70 to 120 days, under confinement.
e aim is to increase live weights, improve the degree of finish and achieve a higher grade at a young age. High-energy diet consists of premix, hay and cereals.
e induction weight of feedlot cattle is approximately 250kg and the expected gain is around 140-180kg, over three months.
Feedlot steers are sold to either abattoirs or at live auction sales and one will be chosen depending on which is paying the highest price at the time of project completion.
e following factors are critical for the success of a pen fattening venture: •Animal
selection and breed choice: Since livestock farming requires a great deal of capital, the investment in good genetic material is crucial. Good-quality genetics are essential to improve the productive capabilities of cows and bulls, as well as the quality of weaners. Commercial cows are selected according to their size, age, condition, stage of production and market price, and must be largely evaluated on reproduction statistics.
Nutrition: e profitability of an animal is determined by feed conversion. Cattle require protein, energy, water, fat, minerals and vitamins. e amounts vary according to environment, the animal’s age, time of year, and production goals and stages. As a rule, a beef animal consumes up to 3kg of feed per day for each 100kg of body weight. is means that a weaned 300kg calf will eat 9kg of highquality lucerne hay daily to reach an average weight of 450kg.
Herd health and disease prevention: Maintaining herd health is a key element for successful beef production. Some diseases as well as internal and external parasites are often prevalent in specific areas. Animals should be vaccinated annually against notifiable and prevalent diseases, and all parasite control programmes should be applied according to regional requirements and in liaison with the veterinarian’s recommendations. Biosecurity is also key. ere is need to be alert to the movement of people on the farm; this includes workers not residing on the farm. is is because diseases such as foot-and-mouth are transferred to farms through fomites (objects or materials likely to carry infection).
Overall, if well-managed, cattle ranching business ventures are profitable. Piggy believes cattle investments can help individuals and households create sustainable annuities and therefore can be used as bankable retirement planning vehicles.
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