THE DIET PARADOX

We all know that diets don’t work in the long run. And yet society is obsessed with weight, and the diet and wellness industry is booming – raking in billions of dollars each and every year. MiNDFOOD investigates the paradox of diet culture.

We know that diets don’t work in the long term, so why does the industry continue to thrive, raking in billions every year?

If you’ve ever thought twice about putting on a bathing suit, or looked for the lowest calorie item on a menu, then you’re probably a victim of diet culture. You’re not alone. Diet culture, the misguided idea that thinner is better, is a part of the 21st century zeitgeist. It’s everywhere – from ‘ thinspiration’ on social media, to the noticeable lack of bigger people in TV shows and films. In fact, diet culture is so intrinsically linked to our modern lives that most of us don’t even notice it.

“Living in a diet culture means living in a society that values weight over health and wellbeing,” says Sarah Harry, a body image psychotherapist and the co-founder of Body Positive Australia. “Thinner people are seen as healthier, more beautiful, more desirable and more attractive.”

It’s not a new concept. “Pressure on women to be thin and/or a certain shape has always been part of Western societies: think of corsets and the tight lacing of waists at the turn of the 20th century,” states Professor JaneMaree Maher from the Centre for Women’s Studies and Gender Research, Sociology, at Monash University.

Harry adds that the advent of the Body Mass Index (BMI) in the 1940s inadvertently gave diet culture a new tool – a way of ranking people into different weight categories. “It was the beginning of thinking of weight as either good or bad,” she explains.

Diet culture has a huge impact on our society, and there is substantial research showing that larger people face discrimination in the workplace. A 2016 study from Sheffield Hallam University found that obese women were less likely to get hired than those of average weight, and a 2017 study from the University of Pennsylvania found obese people are stereotyped as “lazy, incompetent, unattractive, lacking willpower, and to blame for their excess weight”. A study from the University of Exeter in 2016 also found that overweight women get paid less than their slimmer peers.

A 2015 paper in the Obesity Reviews journal also reported that weight bias can play a role in healthcare – when a larger person seeks medical assistance, healthcare professionals often attribute their symptoms to their weight.

Fat shaming – mocking a person because of their size – is endemic. A recent survey by FitRated found 92.7 per cent of women and 86.5 per cent of men have been body shamed during their life, and 53 per cent said they had body shamed another person.

Escalating moral panic about the ‘obesity epidemic’ has added fuel to the diet culture fire. Misconceptions about obesity (which is defined by a BMI above 25) include the idea that bigger people are unhealthy and lazy. But the relationship between weight and health is not so simple. Dietitian, nutritionist and ‘mindful eating’ specialist Christina Turner says that being thin does not necessarily mean we’ll be healthier or live longer. “The research backs this up,” she states.

Turner says the health of people who undertake programs encouraging them to make lifestyle changes for the purpose of their wellbeing – rather than weight loss – does improve. She says that this effect occurs regardless of any weight changes.

Harry, who offers training for health professionals on the non- diet approach to health, says diet culture affects us all. “It makes us think we’re not good enough as we are,” she says.

The extent of the damage caused by diet culture is immense. Studies from places as diverse as Brazil, the US and Finland all show very high rates of unhappiness with our bodies.

A survey of 400 young girls commissioned by GirlGuiding New Zealand revealed that almost half of 16-year- old girls feel pressure to look good. A Mission Australia survey also found body image to be one of the top three concerns of young people.

Eating disorders are at an all-time high. The Butterfly Foundation for Eating Disorders states that as many as one in 20 Australians has an eating disorder. In New Zealand, Health Ministry data shows the number of people with eating disorders increased by 51 per cent between 2011 and 2016.

Is diet culture to blame? CEO of the Butterfly Foundation, Christine Morgan, says that fat shaming can exacerbate body dissatisfaction and low self- esteem. This can encourage harmful dieting behaviours. “With both dieting and body dissatisfaction being known as major risk factors for the development of an eating disorder, [diet culture] could definitely be seen as a contributing factor,” Morgan says.

But while diet culture is making a lot of people unhappy – and unwell – there are others who are actively profiting from it. The diet industry (comprising businesses that sell diets, weight-loss plans and weight-loss products such as meal replacement

“How many weight-loss brands would go out of business if we all woke up and loved ourselves?”

shakes or slimming pills) is worth a whopping US$168.95 billion (AU$231 billion), and continues to grow.

“It’s a great business model, but it is unethical,” says Turner. “Diets don’t work in the long term. However, people who have lost weight in the short term will come back time and time again in the hope it will eventually work. The companies essentially have ongoing customers for life.”

There is mounting evidence to support Turner’s assertion that diets simply don’t work. A 2017 study from La Trobe University, Ineffectiveness of Commercial Weight- Loss Programs for Achieving Modest But Meaningful Weight Loss, revealed that diets aren’t even sustainable in the short term.

Perhaps even more alarming are the findings from a 2016 paper from the American Academy of Paediatrics. The study, titled Preventing Obesity and Eating Disorders in Adolescents, found that calorie restriction with the goal of weight loss led to an increased risk of becoming overweight. In other words, dieting can make you gain weight.

“These [weight loss] companies clearly know that diets don’t work and are taking advantage to sell us the ongoing pursuit of unattainable weight loss,” says Turner.

It’s a depressing testament to the power diet culture can wield. Despite the overwhelming evidence that diets don’t work, we continue to buy into the false promise that ‘ this diet’, or ‘ that product’ is the magic solution we’ve been waiting for. Harry says that the entire diet industry profits from us feeling badly about ourselves. “How many weight-loss brands would go out of business if we all woke up and loved ourselves?” she asks.

The marketing tactics employed by the diet industry rely very heavily on diet culture. Ads for low- calorie ready-meals and replacement shakes feature before and after photos, and testimonials that imply losing weight has had a transformational effect. The message is loud and clear – get thin, be happy. We buy into it because that message is already deeply embedded.

Even when marketing skirts on the edge of what’s ethical, there is little pushback from consumers.

In February 2018, Weight Watchers (which recently changed its name to WW in an attempt to distance itself from diet culture) announced a plan to offer free sixmonth memberships to people as young as 13. There were numerous complaints from dietitians, who warned that signing up children in their early teens was akin to indoctrinating them into diet culture.

Still, WW remained unapologetic. “There’s nothing that we’re going to do that’s not rooted in science … so it’s just a matter of clarification and communication,” CEO Mindy Grossman told The New York Times.

Other diet companies are using social media ‘influencers’ to avoid advertising regulations. An example of this is a Kim Kardashian Instagram post featuring appetite- suppressing lollipops. The message that having a flat tummy is more important than eating concerns experts like Harry.

“It’s seen as virtuous to suppress our appetite as part of society’s diet culture. But in reality, body health is about trusting your appetite to tell you when you are hungry and full,” she explains. “Diet products – which in reality don’t actually work – just move us away from ‘natural eating’.”

Social media is the ideal platform to promote diet culture. Hashtags like #cleaneating perpetuate the idea that certain diets are aspirational. Famous people, with their large social media presence, are also part of the problem.

“Celebrities promote [diet culture] and, at the same time, are victims of it,” states Dr Heidi Douglas, a clinical psychologist and mindful-eating coach from Hamilton, New Zealand. “Many have been casualties of unrealistic expectations of beauty.”

So do celebrities have a role to play in dismantling diet culture? Douglas thinks so. “Celebrities should be more open about their lifestyles,” she says.

The reality is that many celebrities have personal trainers and in-house chefs, and spend hours in the gym. But this isn’t often reflected in their social media posts. “Photoshopping and air-brushing of celebrity pictures makes things even worse and should be disclosed,” adds Douglas.

Although social media is part of the diet culture problem, it might also be part of the solution. There is a new wave of social media accounts that are encouraging people to shun diet culture. I Weigh, an Instagram account started by British actor and presenter Jameela Alia Jamil, asks followers to caption photos with their ‘true weight’ – not the number on the scales, but the things about themselves they value.

Jamil started the account with a post. “I weigh: lovely relationship, great friends, I laugh every day, I love my job, I make an honest living, I’m financially independent, I speak out for women’s rights, I like my bingo wings, I like myself in spite of everything I’ve been taught by the media to hate about myself,” she wrote.

Since its launch in February 2018, Jamil’s I Weigh Instagram account has attracted more than 209,000 followers. And there are myriad similar accounts sending out daily reminders. Jessica Vander Leahy, a plus-sized model, is the founder of Project WomanKIND.

“As a model, I get an interesting view on how people express what is aesthetically beautiful,” she states. “The project was inspired by people around me, who asked things like, ‘How are you so confident’ or ‘How do you love yourself every day?’”

Vander Leahy says it became apparent to her that both women and men were internalising messages from the media. To fight back, she launched a web series that examined a variety of ideas about body image.

Through the Project WomanKIND social media channels, Vander Leahy shares posts that empower women to celebrate their relationship with their body. “Your body is the only thing you have that is totally yours. It’s such a gift. If you can’t love your body, aim for acceptance and gratitude.”

Harry says it’s a good idea to follow social media accounts with a range of body diversity. “Curate a social media feed that will open your eyes to the dangers of diet culture,” she says. “Body diversity exists and, once we accept that, we can break free of diet culture.”

Turner agrees that seeing women of varying body sizes in the media is a positive step, but says we also need to reduce weight stigma. “We should support our loved ones to feel okay with the body they live in, regardless of their size,” she says.

If you need support with an eating disorder, call The Butterfly Foundation on 1800 334 673.