Erik Levi on Bartók’s Second Violin Concerto
Béla Bartók One of the Hungarian’s great masterpieces, this richly evocative work has inspired many top violinists;
The work
Over gently strumming harp chords, a solo violin sculpts a fervent melody that projects a bewitching mixture of anguish and tenderness. The emotional ambiguity of the opening passage to Bartók’s Second Violin Concerto sets the scene for a compelling dialogue between soloist and orchestra encapsulating an astonishing variety of moods.
The Concerto was written for the virtuoso Zoltán Székely, one of Bartók’s most distinguished recital partners and the dedicatee of his Second Rhapsody for
Violin and Orchestra. Székely had long campaigned for Bartók to write him such a work, but the composer steadfastly resisted the suggestion. Perhaps his reluctance had much to do with the painful experiences surrounding his First Violin Concerto. This work, written in 1907-08, remained unknown and unpublished during his lifetime – a product of an unfulfilled love affair with the violinist Stefi Geyer, who not only rejected the composer’s advances but also refused to play the Concerto.
Yet with the passage of time, these uncomfortable memories appear to have been sufficiently exorcised for Bartók to change his mind. In 1936 he announced to his publisher that he was thinking about writing a Violin Concerto and was eager to study recent concertos by Berg and Szymanowski to stimulate his creative imagination. It would take him another two years, however, to complete the score, his progress inhibited no doubt by the obligation to complete other compositions such as the Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion and Contrasts.
A further factor was the increasingly unstable political situation in Europe, which eventually forced Bartók to leave his native Hungary for the US in 1940 and seems to have taken a heavy toll on his morale. To what extent these uncertainties affected the musical character of the Concerto remains an open question.
Suffice it to say that the volatile eruptions of aggression that punctuate each movement and the equally unexpected passages of mystery and inner reflection create a deep sense of unease.
On a more practical level, Bartók also had to contend with Székely’s very specific demands as to the kind of work he expected. There were disagreements, for example, about the way the work should end. Bartók initially composed a striking orchestral coda, but Székely rejected this idea, insisting it was essential for the soloist to drive the music to the work’s affirmative conclusion. In the end, Bartók honoured Székely’s wishes and composed a different ending that featured the soloist. But the published score also contains Bartók’s original thoughts, thereby leaving the decision as to which version should be used to the discretion of the performers.
The solo violin’s fervent opening melody is a bewitching mixture of anguish and tenderness
A more fundamental bone of contention between the two men rested with the overall design of the Concerto. Bartók’s initial idea was to write a set of variations for violin and orchestra. But Székely was adamant that Bartók should compose a large-scale three-movement work following in the footsteps of the Beethoven or Brahms concertos. In the end, Bartók arrived at an ingenious solution that satisfied both parties. The Concerto was to be cast in three movements, but Bartók conceived the central slow movement as a set of variations and followed this with a Finale whose thematic material unfolds as a variation and transformation of all the ideas that appear in the first movement. Needless to say, the sheer inventiveness of Bartók’s music, coupled with its highly intense yet direct emotional language, transcends the technical intricacies and sophistication of this structure.
The Concerto was given its premiere in Amsterdam in March 1939 by Székely and the Concertgebouw Orchestra under Willem Mengelberg. Székely continued to champion it in several further concerts in the Netherlands before the German invasion forced him to go underground. Bartók unfortunately could not be present at the world premiere and only heard the Concerto for the first time at its second American performance given by Tossy Spivakovsky in New York in 1943. Thereafter, Yehudi Menuhin became the Concerto’s staunchest advocate, first performing the work in Minneapolis, then giving the English premiere with the BBC Symphony Orchestra under Adrian Boult.
British critics that were present at this 1944 performance remained divided as to the merits of Bartók’s Concerto. The anonymous reviewer in The Times was characteristically sniffy: ‘It must be the most violent violin concerto in existence and sounds like nothing so much as a man stopping a tank with a rapier.’ But others begged to differ. Ernest Newman, normally a very conservative-minded writer, praised Bartók’s ‘lucid and organic musical thinking’. His verdict that ‘even at its most purely intellectual, the Concerto commands not merely respect but admiration from first bar to last’ is one that has been echoed by countless soloists and audiences ever since the 1940s.
Bartók’s Violin Concerto No. 2 is performed at the BBC Proms on Saturday, 28 August (7.30pm)
Turn the page to discover the recommended recordings of Bartok’s Violin Concerto No. 2