Making Waves
When tongs and rollers are a faff too far, many women opt for a more permanent solution.
Thankfully, the process has become rather more sophisticated than when German hairdresser and inventor Karl Nessler pioneered the perm – he used cow urine to set the curls produced by his space-age wave-making machine.
He unveiled his groundbreaking contraption – which somehow resembled a chandelier and an implement of torture – in London in 1906, following years of rigorous testing on his wife, Katharina.
She endured scorched hair, blisters and bucket loads of bovine wee in the quest for lasting curls.